Part 1 Flashcards
What is obstructive diseases and give an example?
It is the resistance of airflow caused by partially occluded airways for example emphysema or chronic bronchitis.
What are restrictive diseases and give an example?
It is the inability to expand the lungs, for example pulmonary fibrosis , where there is thickening of alveoli wall and prevents lung expansion.
What is Ankylosing spondylitis?
It is the disease of the chest which causes immobility of the vertebra and the ribs
In Obstructive diseases the FVC and FEV both do not decrease significantly compared to the normal patient with healthy lungs and those that have restrictive lung disease. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
What does a lowered contact time with thin capillaries mean?
It means that individual is having difficulties getting oxygen into the tissues
What occurs in pneumonia?
The alveoli fill up with fluid which makes gas exchange very difficult
What occurs in Bronchitis (include symptoms)?
Airways become inflammed due to infection , it can be acute or chronic (symptoms include coughing up mucus and pus).
What occurs during Asthma?
inflammation of airways due to irritation, bronchioles constrict due to muscle spams.
What occurs in emphysema?
The alveoli burst and fuse, reduction in surface area
What occurs in TB?
Tubercles encapsulate bacteria causing reduction in elasticity of lungs
What occurs in pulmonary fibrosis?
Fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs which reduces elasticity.
Emphysema causes an overproduction of the lysosomal elastase by neutrophils, which breaks down elastin and collagen. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the two types of Emphysema and describe them?
- Centriacinar emphysema - destruction of airway confined to terminal and respiratory bronchioles
- Panacinar emphysema - terminal alveoli are also involved
What are the physiological effects of Emphysema?
Increased air resistance, a decreased diffusion of gases, less alveolar surface and fewer blood capillaries.
What is Hypoxia and Hypercapnia?
Hypoxia - Lack of O2
Hypercapnia - Increased levels of CO2
Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis can lead to respiratory failure. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the treatments for emphysema and chronic bronchitis?
- Stop smoking
- O2 therapy
- Lung transplant or surgery on reduction of lung volume
- Antibiotics may help with chronic bronchitis
- Corticosteroids to help with inflammation
What are the causes of Asthma (from allergic reactions)?
Allergic reactions for example due to dust, this occurs due to the overproduction of IgE antibodies, IgE antibodies bind to surface mast cells in lung airways walls. This causes a release of histamine and other substances leading to inflammation.
What are the mediators involved in bronchoconstriction in asthma?
- Histamine
- Leukotrines
- Bradykinin
What are the treatments for asthma?
- Bronchodilators - B2 adrenergic agonist (helps relax smooth muscle)
- Corticosteroids - helps relieve inflammation
- disodium cromoglycate (prevents mast cell activation)
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease (mendelian inheritance pattern). TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Cystic fribrosis is due to inbalance of transportation bicarbonates and chloride ions which leads to the inbalance of water and salt across epithilia. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the organs involved in Cystic fibrosis?
Liver
pancreas
Intestine
Respiratory tract
What is Mesothelia?
It is rare type of cancer which is linked to asbestos exposure, it frequently starts in pleural cavity tissues (known as pleural mesothelioma).
