Part 1

Question 1

What is obstructive diseases and give an example?

Answer 1

It is the resistance of airflow caused by partially occluded airways for example emphysema or chronic bronchitis.

Question 2

What are restrictive diseases and give an example?

Answer 2

It is the inability to expand the lungs, for example pulmonary fibrosis , where there is thickening of alveoli wall and prevents lung expansion.

Question 3

What is Ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 3

It is the disease of the chest which causes immobility of the vertebra and the ribs

Question 4

In Obstructive diseases the FVC and FEV both do not decrease significantly compared to the normal patient with healthy lungs and those that have restrictive lung disease. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 4

FALSE

Question 5

What does a lowered contact time with thin capillaries mean?

Answer 5

It means that individual is having difficulties getting oxygen into the tissues

Question 6

What occurs in pneumonia?

Answer 6

The alveoli fill up with fluid which makes gas exchange very difficult

Question 7

What occurs in Bronchitis (include symptoms)?

Answer 7

Airways become inflammed due to infection , it can be acute or chronic (symptoms include coughing up mucus and pus).

Question 8

What occurs during Asthma?

Answer 8

inflammation of airways due to irritation, bronchioles constrict due to muscle spams.

Question 9

What occurs in emphysema?

Answer 9

The alveoli burst and fuse, reduction in surface area

Question 10

What occurs in TB?

Answer 10

Tubercles encapsulate bacteria causing reduction in elasticity of lungs

Question 11

What occurs in pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 11

Fibrous connective tissue builds up in the lungs which reduces elasticity.

Question 12

Emphysema causes an overproduction of the lysosomal elastase by neutrophils, which breaks down elastin and collagen. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

What are the two types of Emphysema and describe them?

Answer 13

1. Centriacinar emphysema - destruction of airway confined to terminal and respiratory bronchioles
2. Panacinar emphysema - terminal alveoli are also involved

Question 14

What are the physiological effects of Emphysema?

Answer 14

Increased air resistance, a decreased diffusion of gases, less alveolar surface and fewer blood capillaries.

Question 15

What is Hypoxia and Hypercapnia?

Answer 15

Hypoxia - Lack of O2

Hypercapnia - Increased levels of CO2

Question 16

Emphysema and Chronic bronchitis can lead to respiratory failure. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

What are the treatments for emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

Answer 17

1. Stop smoking
2. O2 therapy
3. Lung transplant or surgery on reduction of lung volume
4. Antibiotics may help with chronic bronchitis
5. Corticosteroids to help with inflammation

Question 18

What are the causes of Asthma (from allergic reactions)?

Answer 18

Allergic reactions for example due to dust, this occurs due to the overproduction of IgE antibodies, IgE antibodies bind to surface mast cells in lung airways walls. This causes a release of histamine and other substances leading to inflammation.

Question 19

What are the mediators involved in bronchoconstriction in asthma?

Answer 19

1. Histamine
2. Leukotrines
3. Bradykinin

Question 20

What are the treatments for asthma?

Answer 20

1. Bronchodilators - B2 adrenergic agonist (helps relax smooth muscle)
2. Corticosteroids - helps relieve inflammation
3. disodium cromoglycate (prevents mast cell activation)

Question 21

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease (mendelian inheritance pattern). TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

Cystic fribrosis is due to inbalance of transportation bicarbonates and chloride ions which leads to the inbalance of water and salt across epithilia. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

What are the organs involved in Cystic fibrosis?

Answer 23

Liver
pancreas
Intestine
Respiratory tract

Question 24

What is Mesothelia?

Answer 24

It is rare type of cancer which is linked to asbestos exposure, it frequently starts in pleural cavity tissues (known as pleural mesothelioma).