Part 1 Flashcards
Why do patients show different responses?
This is because of the difference in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
What is meant by personalised medicine?
It is the tailoring of medical treatment to the characteristics of each patient
What is the difference between traditional approach and personalised medicine?
Traditional approach:
Diagnosis of disease - Recommended drug, clinical data obtained from heterogeneous population of patients
Personalised medicine approach:
Diagnosis of disease - molecular characterisation of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of each patient / Recommended drug and dose
(Clinical trial data of selected population of patients with those molecular characterisation
What are biomarkers and what can they be used for?
The are biological markers that can be used to measure molecular characterisation.
What are the 5 different biomarkers and what do they determine?
- Screening & susceptibility - helps determine whether pateint has a gene for breast cancer or prostate cancer for example (BRSA OR PSA)
- Diagnostic markers - help in the physical diagnosis e.g tumour subclasses
- Prognostic markers - which help determine whether the patient should be treated or not and what is like to happen if the patient goes untreated
- Predictive markers - which determine how the patient responds to the drug/can help decide which drug to give the patient
- Pharmacodynamic makers - measure drug response
What are SnPs?
Single nucleotide polymorphisms, it is a point in the DNA sequence where single nucleotide differs in each individual , they give differences between us and therefore how we respond to drugs
What are the different types of ways of measuring biomarkers?
- Measure DNA (genomics) - SNPS or Whole genome sequencing
- Measure mRNA (transcriptomics) - expression arrays
- Measure Protein expression (proteomics) - protein arrays
- Metabolomics - measure metabolytes
What are the common patterns that have been identified in cancer genome?
- Mutations
- Deletions
- Amplifications
What is the traditional, umbrella and basket clinical trials?
Traditional - patient with cancer of specific tissue - recommended drug
Umbrella - patient with cancer of specific tissue - sequence - given multiple drugs of specified mutation
Basket - Patient with cancer of various tissues - Sequence - Given one drug of specific mutation
HER2 is not a kinase tyrosine. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
Increased expression of HER2 can lead to breast cancer. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Trastuzumab inhibits HER2. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Breast cancer patients with HER2 positive and negative can be given Trastuzumab. TRUE OR FALSE? Explain why?
FALSE, this is because Trastuzumab only blocks HER2 positive but not negative.
What is Cetuximab, what is it used for and what does it inhibit?
It is a monoclonal antibody, that inhibits EGF-R and it is used to treat colorectal cancer
How does it work?
It only works for patients with wild type RAS, and does not work with patients that have a mutated (activated RAS)
