Part 1

Question 1

Name the two ways active transport occurs

Answer 1

Symports - another molecule moving in the same direction

Antiports - another molecule moving in the opposite direction

Question 2

Why use transporters as drug targets?

Answer 2

The correct spatial disposition of signalling molecule is important for their function.
They provide a different way of interfering with the regulation of patho-physiological processes.

Question 3

Describe how diuresis work in the kidney tubule

Answer 3

Na is pumped into interstitial tissue of the kidney
Water follows, in doing so creates an osmotic pressure and causes water to be reabsorbed into the tubule
Inhibiting Na pump with diuretics will inhibit water re absorption and lead to diuresis.
Different drugs inhibit the Na pump at different areas in the kidney tubule.

Question 4

Name the three diuretics and where they work with drug examples

Answer 4

Thiozides - work in distal convulated tubule
Potassium sparing diuretics - works in cortical collecting duct
Loop diuretics - work in ascending limb and prevent Na reabsorption

Question 5

How do different drugs increase urine output?

Answer 5

They alter the reabsoption of Na ion around the nephron.

Question 6

Alteration of NA ions permeability has effects on reabsoprtion of other ions true or false?

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

NA/KATPase is the driving force behind reabsorption of Na ions around the nephron. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

How does Digoxin work and what is is used for?

Answer 8

Digoxin is a NA/KATPase and is used to treat heart failure by increasing contractility of heart which therefore increases cardiac output.

Question 9

What is heart failure?

Answer 9

It is inadequate cardiac output

Question 10

Calcium provides myofibre contraction. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

Calcium expulsion is coupled to Na influx. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

Sodium efflux is not coupled to potassium influx by an antipoter. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 12

FALSE

Question 13

Dixogin does not inhibits the sodium potassium antiporter. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 13

FALSE

Question 14

Slower calcium efflux allows time for calcium to be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

What causes depression?

Answer 15

It is a deficit in mono-amine (noradrenaline and serotonin) signalling.

Question 16

What do SSRIS, SNRIS , NDRIS and TCAS stand for and give examples of drugs for each?

Answer 16

SSRIS - Seratonin specific reuptake inhibitors e.g paroxetine
SNRIS - Seratonin - Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors e.g Venlaxafine
NDRIS - Noradrenaline -dopamine reuptake inhibitors
e.g Bupropion
TCAS - tricyclic antidepressants e.g amytriptylline

Question 17

How do SSRIS, SNRIS AND NDRIS work?

Answer 17

SSRIS - Prevent reuptake of serotonin
SNRIS - Prevents reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline
TCAS- Inhibit serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake and have several off target effects.

Question 18

How does omeprazole heal stomach ulcers?

Answer 18

It inhibits proton pump (H/KATPase) and facilitates the healing of gastric ulcers.

Question 19

What does does Ezetimide do and how does it work?

Answer 19

It reduces elevated cholesterol levels by inhibiting absorption of cholesterol across interstitial brush border.

Question 20

Transporters are not drug targets but they modify the response or the drug. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

Transporters may not act as drug pumps assisting the drug in reaching its target. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 21

FALSE