Part 1-5

Question 1

Where are B-cells located in the lymph node?

Answer 1

Follicle of cortex

Question 2

Where are T-cells located in the lymph node?

Answer 2

Paracortex

Question 3

Where are plasma cells located in the lymph node?

Answer 3

medullary CORD

Question 4

Where are macrophages located in the lymph node?

Answer 4

medullary SINUS

Question 5

The protein derived from WHAT GENE is used as a transcription factor for the development and function of regulatory T-cells?

Answer 5

FOXP3

Question 6

On what chromosome is FOXP3 gene located

Answer 6

X

Question 7

FOXP3 codes for what protein?

Answer 7

Forkhead Box Protein P3

Question 8

Female homologue for: corpus spongiosum

Answer 8

vestibular bulbs

Question 9

Female homologue for: Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands)

Answer 9

Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin)

Question 10

Female homologue for: Prostate

Answer 10

Urethral and paraurethral glands (Skene)

Question 11

Female homologue for: Glans penis

Answer 11

Glans clitoris

Question 12

Female homologue for: Ventral penile shaft

Answer 12

Labia minora

Question 13

Female homologue for: Scrotum

Answer 13

Labia majora

Question 14

What important intracellular proteins are common both to the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway?

Answer 14

Caspases (end pathway)

Question 15

Intracellular INTRINSIC apoptotic pathway proteins?

Answer 15

Bax (pro-apoptotic)
Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic

Bax backs up apoptosis
Bcl BCLocks apoptosis

Question 16

Intracellular EXTRINSIC apoptotic pathway proteins?

Extracellular apoptotic pathway proteins?

Answer 16

CD95 (FAS-R)

Perforin (from killer t-cell)
Granzyme B (from killer t-cell)
Fas-ligand (attaches to CD95)

Question 17

What ratio indicates fetal lung maturity?

Answer 17

Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio

>2:1

Question 18

What is the proper name for the main component of pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 18

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

Question 19

What amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis?

Answer 19

Glycine
Aspartate
Glutamine

GAG

Question 20

Drug on market for 5 years, excellent efficacy. Patient complains of S/E 1 month into treatment. Pharm company asks you to monitor course while on drug. What Phase?

Answer 20

Phase 1: Assess the safety of the drug on normal patients
Phase 2: Determines if drugs work on diseased patients
Phase 3: Head-to-head trial with another drug
Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance trial

Question 21

Nutrient deficiency associated with spooning of the nails?

Answer 21

IRON

Question 22

Equation for determining drugs clearance?

Answer 22

Rate of elimination / Plasma drug concentration

Clearance (CL) = (0.7 x Vd) / (half-life)

Question 23

Obligate intracellular bacteria:

Answer 23

Rickettsia and Chlamydia

R & C - Really Cold, stay inside bacteria

Question 24

Why can’t obligate intracellular bacteria replicate extracellularly?

Answer 24

Unable to make ATP

Question 25

Patient with progressive difficulty swallowing liquids and solid food. Barium swallow reveals LES stenosis. What is this?

Answer 25

Achalasia Bird's beak appearance on x-ray

Question 26

Most common causes of disease characterized by progressive difficulty of swallowing liquids and solid food that reveals LES stenosis on Barium swallow?

Answer 26

``` Idiopathic Chagas disease (trypansoma cruzi destroy ganglia) Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis ```

Question 27

In lower extremties: what are clinical differences between PVD/PAD and DVT?

Answer 27

``` PVD/PAD: atherosclerosis claudication decreased/absent peripheral pulses cool extremities skin becomes pale/shiny/hairless ``` ``` DVT: blood clot in peripheral vein leg is not cool increased calf circumference Moses sign Homan sign ```

Question 28

What is Moses sign?

Answer 28

calf tenderness with compression

Question 29

What is Homan sign

Answer 29

calf pain with dorsiflexion of ankle

Question 30

What are the two equations for Cardiac Output?

Answer 30

CO = SV x HR CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - venous O2)

Question 31

For what coag factors is vit K necessary?

Answer 31

X, IX, VII, II, protein S and C 1(0)972 diSCo

Question 32

How does aspirin prevent platelet aggregation and MI?

Answer 32

Permanent inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 --> Less TXA2 --> less thrombosis

Question 33

Which two arachidonic acids affect platelet aggregation

Answer 33

TXA2 - thromboxane A2 (STIMULATES aggregation) | PGI-2 - prostacyclin (INHIBITS aggregation)

Question 34

What medications act on microtubules?

Answer 34

``` GriseoFUlvin (anti-FUngal) Vincristine and Vinblastine (cancer) Placlitaxel (cancer) Colchicine (gout) Mebendazole (anti-helminthic) ```

Question 35

What syndrome demonstrates a defect in microtubule polymerization?

Answer 35

Chediak-Higashi immunodeficiency -- macrophages' microtubules are not able to function properly --> no phagocytosis results in: recurrent pyogenic infections, peripheral neuropathy, partial albinism

Question 36

Thiazolidinedione increase expression of one type of GLUT receptors where?

Answer 36

adipose tissue one mechanism of anti-diabetic action

Question 37

What GLUT receptors are found in skeletal muscle and fat?

Answer 37

GLUT 4 insulin-dependent GLUT 4 receptors

Question 38

What is compartment syndrome and how is it treated?

Answer 38

Increased pressure within fascial compartment causing vascular compromise. Fasciotomy.

Question 39

What cell is responsible for allergy symptoms such as watery eyes and runny nose? What drug inhibits these cells?

Answer 39

Mast cells Cromolyn sodium. Prevents mast cell degranulation

Question 40

What white blood cells descend from myeloblast or granulocyte lineage?

Answer 40

Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil

Question 41

GI ligament: separates the greater and less sacs

Answer 41

Gastrohepatic and gastrosplenic

Question 42

GI ligament: May be cut during surgery to access lesser sac

Answer 42

Gastrohepatic

Question 43

2 ligaments that connect the spleen to other structures

Answer 43

Splenorenal | Gastrosplenic

Question 44

GI ligament: contains portal triad

Answer 44

hepatoduodenal

Question 45

GI ligament: connects liver to anterior abdominal wall

Answer 45

falciform