Part 1-5 Flashcards
Where are B-cells located in the lymph node?
Follicle of cortex
Where are T-cells located in the lymph node?
Paracortex
Where are plasma cells located in the lymph node?
medullary CORD
Where are macrophages located in the lymph node?
medullary SINUS
The protein derived from WHAT GENE is used as a transcription factor for the development and function of regulatory T-cells?
FOXP3
On what chromosome is FOXP3 gene located
X
FOXP3 codes for what protein?
Forkhead Box Protein P3
Female homologue for: corpus spongiosum
vestibular bulbs
Female homologue for: Cowper’s glands (bulbourethral glands)
Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin)
Female homologue for: Prostate
Urethral and paraurethral glands (Skene)
Female homologue for: Glans penis
Glans clitoris
Female homologue for: Ventral penile shaft
Labia minora
Female homologue for: Scrotum
Labia majora
What important intracellular proteins are common both to the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway?
Caspases (end pathway)
Intracellular INTRINSIC apoptotic pathway proteins?
Bax (pro-apoptotic)
Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic
Bax backs up apoptosis
Bcl BCLocks apoptosis
Intracellular EXTRINSIC apoptotic pathway proteins?
Extracellular apoptotic pathway proteins?
CD95 (FAS-R)
Perforin (from killer t-cell)
Granzyme B (from killer t-cell)
Fas-ligand (attaches to CD95)
What ratio indicates fetal lung maturity?
Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio
>2:1
What is the proper name for the main component of pulmonary surfactant?
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
What amino acids are necessary for purine synthesis?
Glycine
Aspartate
Glutamine
GAG
Drug on market for 5 years, excellent efficacy. Patient complains of S/E 1 month into treatment. Pharm company asks you to monitor course while on drug. What Phase?
Phase 1: Assess the safety of the drug on normal patients
Phase 2: Determines if drugs work on diseased patients
Phase 3: Head-to-head trial with another drug
Phase 4: Post-marketing surveillance trial
Nutrient deficiency associated with spooning of the nails?
IRON
Equation for determining drugs clearance?
Rate of elimination / Plasma drug concentration
Clearance (CL) = (0.7 x Vd) / (half-life)
Obligate intracellular bacteria:
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
R & C - Really Cold, stay inside bacteria
Why can’t obligate intracellular bacteria replicate extracellularly?
Unable to make ATP
Patient with progressive difficulty swallowing liquids and solid food. Barium swallow reveals LES stenosis. What is this?
Achalasia
Bird’s beak appearance on x-ray
Most common causes of disease characterized by progressive difficulty of swallowing liquids and solid food that reveals LES stenosis on Barium swallow?
Idiopathic Chagas disease (trypansoma cruzi destroy ganglia) Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis
In lower extremties: what are clinical differences between PVD/PAD and DVT?
PVD/PAD: atherosclerosis claudication decreased/absent peripheral pulses cool extremities skin becomes pale/shiny/hairless
DVT: blood clot in peripheral vein leg is not cool increased calf circumference Moses sign Homan sign
What is Moses sign?
calf tenderness with compression
What is Homan sign
calf pain with dorsiflexion of ankle
What are the two equations for Cardiac Output?
CO = SV x HR
CO = rate of O2 consumption / (arterial O2 - venous O2)
For what coag factors is vit K necessary?
X, IX, VII, II, protein S and C
1(0)972 diSCo
How does aspirin prevent platelet aggregation and MI?
Permanent inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2
–> Less TXA2 –> less thrombosis
Which two arachidonic acids affect platelet aggregation
TXA2 - thromboxane A2 (STIMULATES aggregation)
PGI-2 - prostacyclin (INHIBITS aggregation)
What medications act on microtubules?
GriseoFUlvin (anti-FUngal) Vincristine and Vinblastine (cancer) Placlitaxel (cancer) Colchicine (gout) Mebendazole (anti-helminthic)
What syndrome demonstrates a defect in microtubule polymerization?
Chediak-Higashi
immunodeficiency – macrophages’ microtubules are not able to function properly –> no phagocytosis
results in:
recurrent pyogenic infections, peripheral neuropathy, partial albinism
Thiazolidinedione increase expression of one type of GLUT receptors where?
adipose tissue
one mechanism of anti-diabetic action
What GLUT receptors are found in skeletal muscle and fat?
GLUT 4
insulin-dependent GLUT 4 receptors
What is compartment syndrome and how is it treated?
Increased pressure within fascial compartment causing vascular compromise.
Fasciotomy.
What cell is responsible for allergy symptoms such as watery eyes and runny nose?
What drug inhibits these cells?
Mast cells
Cromolyn sodium. Prevents mast cell degranulation
What white blood cells descend from myeloblast or granulocyte lineage?
Basophil, Neutrophil, Eosinophil
GI ligament: separates the greater and less sacs
Gastrohepatic and gastrosplenic
GI ligament: May be cut during surgery to access lesser sac
Gastrohepatic
2 ligaments that connect the spleen to other structures
Splenorenal
Gastrosplenic
GI ligament: contains portal triad
hepatoduodenal
GI ligament: connects liver to anterior abdominal wall
falciform
