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Audrey - Histology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules

A

cadherins and selectins

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2
Q

calcium-independent cell adhesion molecules

A

integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily

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3
Q

homophilic adhesions, stabilized by actin cytoskeleton (bound to actin via catenins)

A

cadherins

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4
Q

cell adhesion molecule; binds to carbohydrates; found on endothelial and blood cells

A

selectins

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5
Q

heterodimer, binding site inside cell binds cytoskeletonal actin via alpha-actinin; outside cell binds other ligands

A

integrins

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6
Q

HIV-1 receptor (CD4) on lymphocyte) is a member of this type of cell adhesion molecule

A

immunoglobulin superfamily

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7
Q

In occluding junctions, the transmembrane protein ____ interacts with the integral membrane protein ____.

A

occludin; claudin

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8
Q

Belt-like cell junction; interaction of cadherins with catenins; interacts with actin cytoskeleton

A

zona adherens

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9
Q

spot-like junction stabilized by intermediate filaments; involve cadherins

A

desmosomes

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10
Q

anchor basal portion of cell to basal lamina; linked to intermediate filaments

A

hemidesmosome

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11
Q

communicating junction; six connexins associate to form a connexon

A

gap junctions

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12
Q

microtubule arrangement of cilia and flagella

A

9+2 (basal body s 9+3)

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13
Q

cilia develop from ___ which are derived from ___

A

basal bodies; centrioles

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14
Q

Autosomal recessive Glanzmann thrombasthenia; Epidermolysis bullosa

A

integrin defects

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15
Q

4 components of nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
chromatin
nucleolus

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16
Q

heterochromatin vs. euchromatin

A

heterochromatin is transcriptionally inactive; euchromatin is active.

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17
Q

4 key features of nuclear import-export

A 
requires energy (GTP)
requires recognition sequence on a protein
importin/exportin: move things across nuclear pore
nuclear pore changes in size during transport
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18
Q

fundamental packing unit of chromatin

A

nucleosome

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19
Q

basophilic stain

A

Hematoxylin

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20
Q

acidophilic stain

A

Eosin

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21
Q

stains reticular fibers (Type III collagen)

A

Silver stain

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22
Q

stains glycogen and various carbohydrate-containing molecules

A

PAS (periodic acid Shiff stain)

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23
Q

Microtubules are composed of ____.
Microfilaments are composed of ___.
Intermediate fillaments… ____.

A

tubulin
actin
keratins, lamins, or vimentin?

24
Q

in microtubules, ___ move organelles toward the + end and ___ move them toward the - end.

A

kinesins

dyneins

25
Q

In microtubules, ____ determines growth and stability

A

GTP/GDP ratio

26
Q

Taxol, Vinca alkaloids, nocodazole, vinblastine vincristine, and colchicine

A

interfere with microtubule function

27
Q

Microfilaments require ___

A

ATP

28
Q

Intermediate filament: Type I and II

A

cytokeratins
acidic and basic keratins (respectively)

at least 1 of each type found in all epithelial cells

29
Q

Intermediate filament: Type III

A

Vimentin: mesenchymal, endothelial and leukocytes (generic type III, characteristic of dedifferentiation of invasive cancer carcinomas)

Desmin: skeletal muscle in Z disc; smooth muscle

30
Q

Intermediate filament: Type IV

A

neurofilaments: axons and dendrites.

** unique structure: square basket-like lattice

31
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is ___ in H&E

A

basophilic

32
Q

5 major Golgi functions

A
  1. modify N-oligosaccharides on asparagine
  2. Distribute non-cytosolic proteins to plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles
  3. assemble proteoglycans from proteoglycan core proteins
  4. add mannose-6-phosphate to proteins targeted for lysosomes
  5. sulfates sugars on proteoglycans
33
Q

Key functions of peroxisomes

A

beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids
detox of substances
bile acid synthesis in the liver

Zellweger Syndrome: defect, no peroxisomes, lethal

34
Q

protein; part of coated vesicle; mediates transport of vesicles from trans-golgi network and from the plasma membrane

A

clathrin

caveolin is similar; for small vesicles called caveolae involved in pinocytosis. clathrin-independent endocytosis.

35
Q

cell specialized for phagocytosis

A

macrophage (degrade proteins/cellular debris)

36
Q

example of constitutive exocytosis

A

albumin (from liver)

37
Q

Tay-Sachs, Hurler’s syndrome, Gauchers syndrome, and Neiman-Pick disease are examples of _______.

A

Lysosomal storage diseases

38
Q

Myelination in CNS:

Myelination in PNS:

A

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

39
Q

Plasma membrane of axon:

Cytoplasm of axon:

A

axolemma

axoplasm

40
Q

Transport of metabolites in axon from cell body to nerve ending is _____; transport occurs with ____.

(opposite is…)

A

orthograde; kinesin

retrograde; cytoplasm ic dynein

41
Q

CNS white matter; long, slender, minimal branching astrocyte

A

Fibrous astrocytes

compare to protoplasmic astrocytes: granular cytoplasm, processes short and grnached, CNS gray matter

42
Q

protein critical to apoptosis (proteolytic enz)

A

caspase

43
Q

mucus gland secretions are ___ in H&E and ___ in PAS

A

translucent; dark magenta

44
Q

responsible for preservation of lipids in SEM/TEM

A

osmium tetroxide

45
Q

“sugar coat” associated with extracytoplasmic aspect of the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane; fuzzy in TEM; contains proteoglycans

A

glycocalyx / ‘sugar coat’

46
Q

in freeze-fracture, integral proteins preferentially remain attached to ____

A

P-face: protoplasmic external surface of inner leaflet (rather than internal E-face)

47
Q

stereospecific transporter of D-glucose; multipass transmembrane protein

A

GLUT1

48
Q

proteins for cell cycle regulation (2)

complex that initiates S phase

complex that initiates mitosis

A

cyclins
cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk)

start kinase

M-phase promoting factor

49
Q

division of the nucleus

A

karyokinesis

50
Q

two types of microtubules: one radiates from centrosomes and positions spindle poles; the other extends from poles to overlap in the middle (push poles apart)

A

astral microtubules

polar microtubules

51
Q

when nuclear envelope reforms, microtubules disappear, and nucleoli reappear

A

telokinesis

52
Q

key feature of apoptotic cells

A

chromatin condenses and marginates; membrane blebs

53
Q

regulate mitochondria membrane potential; can be pro- or anti-apoptotic. Can activate mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis (membrane potential collapses, proteins released…)

A

Bcl-2 family of proteins

54
Q

possible fates of receptor and ligand in endocytosis (3)

A
  • ligand degraded in lysosome; receptor recycled (LDL)
  • ligand and receptor recycled (transferrin)
  • ligand and receptor both degraded in lysosome (epidermal growth factor)
55
Q

nucleus component only visible in interphase by ___ staining

A

nucleolus, basophilic (because rRNA)

Audrey - Histology (1 decks)

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