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Cytology > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the path of the light microscope from the light source to your eye

A

Light source, condenser lens, specimen, objective lens, mirror, projector lens

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2
Q

What does a specimen look like when using a Brightfield technique?

A

Little contrast in poorly pigmented cells. Passes light directly through specimen.

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3
Q

What does a specimen look like when using a Fluorescence technique?

A

Shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies.

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4
Q

How does a Confocal microscope work?

A

Uses lasers and optics for sectioning fluorescently-stained specimens. Only a single plane of focus is illuminated; out-of-focus fluorescence above and below the plane is subtracted by a computer.

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5
Q

How does electron microscopy differ from light microscopy?

A

It uses smaller wavelengths to produce a more defined image of smaller objects. It does not use light waves so all images will be in black and white.

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6
Q

Form follows ____

A

Function

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7
Q

What is cytology?

A

The study of the microscopic appearance and function of cells, especially for the diagnosis of abnormalities and malignancies.

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8
Q

Name the organelles

A

Components of a typical animal cell:

  1. Nucleolus
  2. Nucleus
  3. Ribosome (little dots)
  4. Vesicle
  5. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  6. Golgi apparatus (or “Golgi body”)
  7. Cytoskeleton
  8. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  9. Mitochondrion
  10. Vacuole
  11. Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles)
  12. Lysosome
  13. Centrosome
  14. Cell membrane
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9
Q

Name the two double membrane bound organelles

A

Nucleus and mitochondria

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10
Q

Name the single membrane bound organelles

A

ER, golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, phagosomes

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11
Q

Name the organelles not bound by membrane

A

Nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

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12
Q

The polarity of the plasma (cell) membrane can be referred to as _____

A

Amphipathic

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13
Q

Describe the fluid mosaic model

A

A model that describes the structure of cell membranes. In this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell.

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14
Q

What surrounds the cell membrane?

A

The glycocalyx

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15
Q

What creates anchorage for the fluid cell wall?

A

Junctions and the basement membrane

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16
Q

What are the three types of junctions?

A

Tight Junctions

Desmosomes

Gap Junctions

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17
Q

What is a tight junction?

A

The membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly linked to each other

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18
Q

What does a desmosome do?

A

Function like rivets, fastening cells

together into strong sheets. Intermediate

filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins

anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.

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19
Q

What does a gap junction do?

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells that are necessary in many types of tissues.

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20
Q

What do the dark and light areas on a nucleus (viewed through an electron microscope) represent?

A

Euchromatin (light) - diffuse/open/active DNA

Heterochromatin (dark) - dense/coiled/less active DNA

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21
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

DNA, RNA, proteins

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22
Q

What is the main function of the nucleolus?

A

To make rRNA

23
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Making proteins by linking amino acids together in an order specified by the mRNA.

24
Q

The smooth ER does what 3 things?

A

Highly responsible for detoxification
Storage of ions (i.e. Ca in muscle)
Involved in making new membranes

25
Q

The primary responsibility of the rough ER is ____

The rough ER is located ________

A

Protein assembly

Near the nucleus and golgi apparatus

26
Q

The golgi apparatus is primarily responsible for___

A

Modification and packaging of protiens

27
Q

Describe the steps in protein synthesis

A

Transcription: DNA to RNA

Translation: RNA to protein

(ribosome)

(nucleus)

28
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondria?

What are two processes that carry out this function?

A

Production of ATP

Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

29
Q

What are Endosomal compartments?

A

endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, recycling compartments

30
Q

What does the cytoskeleton determine?

A

Cell shape
Locomotion
Provides means of intracellular trafficking

31
Q

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules and Intermediate fillaments

32
Q

How are microfilaments (actin/myosin) arranged and what is their purpose:

A

Parallel arrangement
Motility/trafficking/anchorage (tight/loose junctions)

33
Q

What is the major component of the mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella?

A

Microtubules

34
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

Intracellular structure, and intracellular transport, as well as ciliary and flagellar motility

35
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

Architectural support, they do not move

36
Q

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm includes everything inside the cell with exception of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

Cytosal is the fluid outside of nucleus but within the cell membrane.

37
Q

Name 4 important cell functions

A
  1. Protein synthesis (DNA’s role)
  2. Movement of substances
  3. Cell division
  4. Apoptosis and Necrosis
38
Q

The process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division is called ____

A

DNA replication

39
Q

What are the 4 enzymes involved in DNA replication and what are their functions?

A

Helicase: breaks DNA daughter strands and unwinds the helix

Primase: sets RNA primer and recognizes base pairs (A-T, G-C)

DNA polymerase: recognizes primer and builds nucleotides

DNA ligase: joins neighboring strands of DNA

40
Q

Describe the movement of hydrophobic molecules across the cell membrane

A

Are lipid soluble and can pass through the membrane rapidly

41
Q

Describe the movement of polar molecules across the cell membrane

A

Do not cross the membrane rapidly
Require transport proteins

42
Q

Describe simple diffusion and name 3 things that affect this process

A

The movement from high concentration to low concentration.

  1. Temperature
  2. Distance
  3. Size of molecule
43
Q

How is facilitated diffusion different from simple diffusion?

A

Can be limited by carrier specificity

May become saturated

May be regulated by hormones or other signals

44
Q

True or False:

Active Transport is against the concentration gradient and requries energy

A

True

45
Q

Endocytosis and Exocytosis are considered to be which type of transport?

A

Vesicular or Bulk transport

46
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis and how do they work?

A

Phagocytosis: “eating”

Pinocytosis: “drinking”

Recptor Mediated: Cell receptors on surface send signal to cell engulf

47
Q

What are the steps of Mitosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

48
Q

Describe Prophase

A

Chromatin condences to chromosomes

Spindles form at opposite poles

Nuclear membrane breaks down

49
Q

Describe Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align on metaphase plate

50
Q

Describe Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids seperate, attach at kinetochore and are pulled toward opposite poles of cell

51
Q

Describe Telophase

A

(Identical to Prophase in reverse)

Chromosomes spread out, membranes begin to reform, spindle degenerates

52
Q

What is the difference between Apoptosis and Cell Necrosis?

A

Apoptosis:

Programmed cell death, desirable event: leads to refinement of cells

Necrosis:

Cell dies from disease or pathologic cause

53
Q
A

Cytology (1 decks)

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