Part 1

Question 1

The trochlear nerve emerges from the

Answer 1

Posterior surface of the midbrain. It decussates completely dorsal to the aqueduct and emerges from the midbrain below the inferior colliculi

Question 2

The flexor digitorum longus - relationship to tibias posterior and flexor hallucis longus

Answer 2

superfical to tibialis posterior in calf & superficial to FHL in sole

Question 3

The bulkiest/most powerful of the 3 deep calf muscles

Answer 3

Flexor hallucis longus

Question 4

Relationship of the neuromuscular bundle to flexor hallucis longus

Answer 4

the NVB is superficial

Question 5

Which of the 3 deep calf muscles is unipennate

Answer 5

Tibialis posterior

Question 6

Is the fibular collateral ligament intra- or extra- capsular

Answer 6

extracapsular

Question 7

Origin & insertion of fibular collateral ligament

Answer 7

from lateral head of femoral condyle to fibular

Question 8

Does the lateral meniscus have an attachment to the tendon of popliteus?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

Lateral vs medial meniscus, which is larger

Answer 9

Medial

Question 10

The ossification centre of the femoral head usually appears by

Answer 10

1 year of age

Question 11

The sharp borders of the middle phalanx of the index finger give attachment to

Answer 11

the fibrous flexor sheath

Question 12

Insertion of flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 12

distal phalanx on its flexor aspect

Question 13

Origin of pectorals major

Answer 13

clavicular & sternocostal heads
Clavicular head - medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle
Sternocostal head - lateral part of the anterior surface of the manubrium and body of the sternum

Question 14

Pectoralis major nerve supply

Answer 14

The medial & lateral pectoral nerves

Question 15

Action of pectorals major

Answer 15

Medial rotator of the arm

Adductor of the arm (with latissimus dorsi)

Question 16

Origin of trapezius

Answer 16

medial 3rd of superior nuchal line to T12

Question 17

Insertion of pectorals major

Answer 17

Lateral lip of the inter tubercular groove

Question 18

Insertion of trapezius

Answer 18

occipital fibres - lateral 3rd of clavicle at posterior border

Question 19

Trapezius nerve supply

Answer 19

1. Spinal part of the accessory nerve (C1-6)

2. Branches of the cervical plexus(C3-4)

Question 20

Action of trapezius

Answer 20

All fibres help retract the scapular

Question 21

Origin of latissimus dorsi

Answer 21

T7 to scacrum

Question 22

Insertion of latissmus dorsi

Answer 22

floor of the intertubercular grrove

Question 23

Latissmus dorsi nerve supply

Answer 23

thoracodorsal nerve from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus

Question 24

Action of latissmus dorsi

Answer 24

Extends the shoulder joint and medially rotates the humerus

Question 25

Origin of serratus anterior

Answer 25

digitation from the 1st 8 ribs

Question 26

Is the shoulder capsule attached to the anatomical neck of the humerus?

Answer 26

no

Question 27

What does the capitulum articulate with?

Answer 27

the radial head

Question 28

How is excess H+ excreted (in urine) in acidosis

Answer 28

little free H+ can be excreted so it’s buffered with ammonia and phosphate buffers

Question 29

Urea urinary clearance

Answer 29

filtered at the glomerulus and partially reabsorbed along the nephron

Question 30

Inulin urinary clearance

Answer 30

it is not secreted or reabsorbed in the renal tubules, it is excreted as it is filtered

Question 31

para-amino hippurate urinary clearance

Answer 31

secreted from the proximal tubules so that it is nearly totally cleared from the plasma by the time the blood leaves the kidney

Question 32

glucose urinary clearance

Answer 32

is rapidly absorbed in the proximal tubule

Question 33

descending loop of Henle permeability

Answer 33

low to ions & urea high to water

Question 34

thin ascending loop of Henle permeability

Answer 34

impermeable to water, permeable to ions

Question 35

thick ascending loop of Henle permeability

Answer 35

Na+, K+ and Cl− ions are reabsorbed from the urine by secondary active transport by a Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). The electrical and concentration gradient drives more reabsorption of Na+, as well as other cations such as magnesium (Mg2+) and calcium (Ca2+).

Question 36

The most important base in the extracellular fluid is

Answer 36

bicarbonate