Part 1 & 2 notes Flashcards
What coasts of Ireland are best for Fishing?
The west and south coast
What are the 3 main reasons that Ireland are great for Fishing?
Continental shelf, Mixing of warm water and the Deeply indented coastline
Explain how Ireland joining the EU impacted Fishing
Ireland had to follow the Common Fishers Policy, this means we have to share our waters with other EU countries. The lead to Overfishing especially after Spain joined in 1985.
Name the 4 main technological advancements in the fishing industry with examples where possible
Bigger and better boats//new detection methods such as sonar or radar//huge gill, trawl or drift nets (21km long)//Hydraulic Winches and Cranes
Methods of implementing sustainability into fishing
Quotas (total allowable catches (TAC’s) // increased Mesh size // ban of certain nets such as the monofilament nets // shortened fishing season // bans on certain species during certain areas or times // And the Irish Conservation Box
Talk about the Irish Conservation Box
The Irish conservation Box was made in 2003 as a spawning ground for hake, haddock, herring and mackarel. Fishing is restricted in this area. It’s 100000sq kms to the south-west of Ireland
Pastoral Farming
Dairy Farming
Arable Farming
Mixed Farming
Pastoral is when the main aim is to produce livestock,
Dairy Farming is when you use those life stock 4 things
Arable Farming the main intention of growing crops
Combination of Arable and Pastoral
The main 5 parts of the physical landscape for farming
Height/slope // Soil type // Climate // The shape of the area // Human change
What is Irelands best location for farming and why is the location ideal
It’s called the Golden Vale. It’s located in the middle, southern area which is mainly composed of flat plains.
The have fertile brown soils with boulder clay on limestone bedrock
The landscape of plains and undulating fields which is ideal for mechanical farming.
Farming’s negative effects on the environment
insect sprays/pesticides can contaminate the food and cause soil contamination
Fertilizer and illegal illegal dumping of waste pollutes the oceans
Irelands 3 steps taken to achieve Sustainable Farming
Ireland must follow the Eu’s CAP (common agricultural Policy) Which aims to make farming sustainable by
- providing income to farmers
- guaranteeing a market price for farmers
- supporting rural development/environmental programmes (REPS)
What is a) the main goal
b) the amount of people employed
and c) how much money we made
from the secondary sector in Ireland.
This is the area where raw materials are processed and made into products
There are 4000 manufacturing companies in Ireland
employing 200,000 directly and 400,000 indirectly
Exports were worth £117 billion in 2016
All 9 Factors of location
Raw materials Transport Facilities Labour Supply Services Markets Government Policy EU Policy Capital Personal Reasons
When did Intel make a base In Ireland, where specifically and how large was it?
1989 in Leixlip Co. Kildare on a 360 acre greenfield
Why did Intel Move to Ireland
The 12.5% Corporation Tax // Irelands 75% of workers have 3rd level qualifications // Irelands EU benefits
Intel as a system, what does this mean (the 3 steps to processing)
Inputs: buildings workers, energy, packaging etc
Processes: The manufacturing of microchips by clean-room technology that go through 300 processing steps then double checked and packaged
Outputs: Microprocessors
Reasons for slow population growth until the 1800’s
- Medical knowledge was lacking so people could easily die from common diseases like the flu.
- Frequent wars caused deaths
- Farming wasn’t as efficient so food was harder to come by
Reasons for population growth after the 1800’s
The Agricultural Revolution occurred around the 17th and 18th centuries. It improved farming standards so people had easier access to food
The Industrial Revolution occurred around the 18th when industries moved to factories and there was plenty of employment. The standard of living improved so the death rate went down
Migration Emigration Immigration Asylum Seeker Rural-Urban Migration The 3 Barriers to Migration Pull and Push factors (push)
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Emigration is external, Immigration is internal.
An immigrant who applies for permission to stay in a country because they left their own country to avoid persecution
People moving from the countryside to a big city for job opportunities amongst other reasons
poverty // personal // visas
unemployment // lack of services/facilities // war // drought/famine // over population
6 main factors that make population change
food supply // technology // health // war // role of women // education
Name the 5 stages of the population cycle
High Fluctuating // early expanding // late expanding // low fluctuating // senile
Description of each stage of the Population Cycle
1: High Fluctuating, high births and deaths cancel each other out.
2: Early Expanding, High births but lower deaths because medicine is starting to be made and food is being made easier to access.
3: Late Expanding, Births aren’t necessary for economic gain anymore so the birth rate decreases while the death rate remains low. Antibiotics and vaccines have now been developed and women are now being educated.
4: Low fluctuating. Total population is high while births and deaths cancel each other out, at this stage a country is wealthy
5: Senile, people are living longer and are having less kids so the death rate is surpassing the birth rate
The 5 Factors that affect population density
climate // resources // terrain // history // economic development
What are the main reasons people are emigrating from Syria?
The civil war and poverty due to the Arab Spring in 2011
How many people are fleeing to safer destinations and how many need humanitarian aid
11 million Syrians have fled (6 million internally) and 13.6 million need humanitarian aid
What are the 3 sectors of the Earths Structure?
The Crust
The Mantle
The Core
Name and describe the 3 plate boundaries. Why do they move?
Destructive: This is when plates collide, pressure builds and the heavier plate sinks and melts. The lighter plate is sent upwards, this creates fold mountains.
Constructive: When Plates pull apart, magma build up, it then cools and solidifies forming crust. It forms Volcanic mountains, islands and Mid-Ocean Ridges.
Conservative: When plates slide past, not much happens unless one gets stuck, this can create earthquakes and therefore tsunamis.
Convection currents are large groups of magma the push the plates around the Earths Mantle.
What are the 3 types of Fold Mountains and how old are they?
Caledonian Fold Mountains are 400 Million years old
Armorican Fold Mountains are 250 Million years old
Alpine Fold Mountains are 30-35 Millions years old.
Name and Explain the 3 types of Volcano
Active: Still erupting
Dormant: Could erupt but it’s been a long time.
Extinct: Won’t erupt
Case Study of Mt. St, Helens.
Where and When
Environmental Impact
Economic Impact
Human Impact
Erupted in the 80’s at the Rockies.
Reduced it's height by 400m. A 3km wide Crater was Created Trees were crushed 25km away. Ice and Snow melted creating Mudflows. 7,000 large animals
12m Dead Farmed Fish
200 Destroyed homes
300km of Highway & 25km Of Railway destroyed
57 were killed, mainly geologists and “disaster tourists”
Case Study of Nepal Earthquake
Where and When
Environmental Impact
Economic Impact
Human Impact
25th of April 2015
120km of the Earths crust was moved 2m
Hundreds of Landslides and Avalanches occurred
Harvests were also affected
£6.4 billion
Cultural sites were affected
3.7 million people needed emergency aid
8000 died
20000 injured
3.5 million homeless
Case Study of a Japanese Tsunami
Where and When and how Strong?
Environmental Impact
Economic Impact
Human Impact
Japan has a Tsunami that was 9 on the Richter Scale during March of 2011. The epicentre was 70km away in the pacific ocean.
Towns were wiped off the map
200000 homes were destroyed
Fukushima’s power plant was destroyed (was built to withstand an earthquake)
Animal Deaths
Nuclear reactors were closed for years
Fishing industry was destroyed
Farming was seriously affected
Many industries were closed for a long time
18000 died
25000 injured
500000 were evacuated
What are the 3 types of rock and how are they formed (2 examples of each)
Igneous Rocks are a result of Volcanic Activity
Basalt and Granite
Sedimentary Rocks are a result of crushed remains
Limestone and Sandstone
Metamorphic rocks are a result of the other 2 types getting moulded by heat and pressure
Marble and Quartzite
The 10 Urban Functions
Residential Transport Retail Commercial Religious Port Educational Tourist Health Recreational
What are the 7 climates
Tundra Boreal Cool Temperate Warm Temperate Savanna Hot Desert Equatorial
What are the 6 elements of Weather? how are they measured? and what with?
Temperature / max-min bulb / degrees Celsius
Pressure / Barometre / milibars
Humidity / Wed-dry bulb / percent
Wind Velocity / anemometre / kilometres per hour
Precipitation / rain gauge / milimetres
Sunshine / stroken recorded / hours
What are the 3 types of Rainfall?
Relief Rainfall
Cyclonic Rainfall
Convectional Rainfall
What are the Landforms Of Coastal Deposition? (there are 5)
Beach Sand Dunes Sand Spit Lagoon Tombolo
What 4 Main Methods do we use to stop Coastal Erosion?
Sea Walls: These have a curved top to deflect the waves back to the sea.
Rock Armour: Large Boulders are placed at the edges of the land.
Gabions: Wire cages filled with small stones are placed in front of beaches to absorb some of the impact.
Groynes: Low walls are build at a right angle from the coast to reduce long shore drift by trapping sand.
How does a Beach Form?
- A Beach is built up of Sand and Shingle deposited by constructive waves between high and low tide levels. When waves break they carry coarse and fine material up the shore and deposit it.
Describe the Process of Longshore Drift
Waves approach the shore at an angle moving material up the shore. This is called the Swash
- The backwash carries some material out again following the slope of the beach
- This material moves in a zig-zag fashion along the shore
This is Longshore Drift
Life Cycle of a Sea Stump
- Sea caves start when a crack get larger, this is caused by Hydraulic action or abrasion
- If the cave if deepened by erosion it cuts through to the other side of the headland to form a Sea Arch
- If the roof of the Arch Collapses the former tip is left cut off and forms a Sea Stack
- If the Stack gets worn down, It forms a Sea Stump
What are the 4 ways waves erode, and describe how each work
Hydraulic Action: The power of the water hitting against the ocean
Compressed Air: Air gets trapped in crack and is compressed by the incoming waves, this air expands and largens the crack.
Abrasion: Waves pick up rocks and hurl them against the coast
Attrition: Rocks rub off against each other and get rounded into smoother particles
Life Cycle of a Delta
- A delta is a triangular or fan-shaped area found when a river flows into a Sea or Lake.
- It is formed where a slow-moving river carrying a heavy load goes into a calm sea/lake.
- As the river flows it loses speed and deposits its load
- The mouth of the river gets clogged with alluvium and splits up into smaller channels called distributaries
- These deposits build up an eventually rise above sea level to form a delta.
Life Cycle of a Waterfall
- A waterfall is a landform of erosion found in the upper course of a river
- It’s found where soft rock lies underneath hard rock
- The soft rock is eroded quickly and over time a vertical fall of water develops
- the force of the falling water carves a deep pool known as a plunge pool
- the water starts undercutting behind the waterfall and forming an overhand
- the overhand collapses causing the river to retreat upstream
- a steep sided valley known as a gorge will from when this happens
- and example of a gorge is the Niagra Gorge
What are the 4 methods of river transport
Traction
Saltation
Solution
Suspension
Name the landforms of river erosion (there are 8)
V-shaped Valley Interlocking Spurs Waterfall Meanders Floodplain Delta Oxbow Lake Levees
What are the 8 era’s / ages of Irish History and when were they?
Stone age: 7000BC New Stone Age: 5000BC The Iron Age (Celts): 500BC Early Christian: 500AD Viking Settlements: 795AD Norman Settlement: 1169AD Plantation Settlements: 1560's AD Landlord Towns: 1703 AD
Factors That Influence the distribution of Settlement (there are 5)
Hint: agriculture
Altitude Relief Rivers Land Quality Distance from the Coast
The Stages of Development of Dublin (there are 5)
Vikings: 841AD Anglo-Normans: 1172 Georgian Period: 1800's Victorian Period: 1900's Modern Times
Impacts Of Globalisation and MNC’s on Ireland (there are 4)
Export Trade: American Companies account for 2/3s of Irish exports. This means we have a healthy trading surplus.
HDI (Human Development Index): Ireland ranks 2nd on the HDI. MNC’s significantly boost our education and health services which means that we can live a lot longer.
JOBS. 210,000 JOBS.
Economic Inequality is increasing since the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
The 5 Main Reasons Ireland Attracts MNC’s
12.5% corporation tax (going up to 15% soon)
Access to the EU.
A Highly Educated Work force
An Attractive Quality of Life for Workers
Only English Speaking country in the EU
Factors that affect Globalisation
Modern Transport
Communications
Politics
Popular Culture
Health Care Comparison Of Ireland and India
Life expectancy.
Child mortality rate out of 1000
Main cause of death
Life expectancy: 82 l 48
Child mortality: 4/1000 l 48/1000
Main COD: Age l Medical Emergencies
Nutrition Excellent l Pitiful
Education Comparison Of Ireland And India
How much does each country spend on education annually?
How long is education compulsory?
Gender information
Other facts
Ireland: The Government spends 8.8 billion on education each year. Compulsory until 16.
90,5% finish their leaving cert.
Girls on average get higher grades than boys.
70% finish 3rd level education
India: Attendance depends on families wealth.
Poor quality of life, staff and equipment
263 million children aren’t attending school in the developing world.
Boys on average get higher grades than girls
How is Irish Aid helping Ethiopia
Food And agricultural development aid
Health aid
Equality Aid
Educational Aid
Emergency Aid. Ireland spent 194 million on emergency aid in 2016. Ireland played a huge part in the fight against Ebola in W. Africa in 2013-2015.
6 Main Reasons for economic inequality
Colonisation Unfair trade Debt War and Arms Expenditure Environment Population Growth
Urban Problems in Dublin
Traffic Congestion
Urban Sprawl (the growth of urban areas)
Strain on resources
Talk about Limestone
Limestone forms on sea beds from the skeletons of sea creatures over millions of years
- they were compressed with calcite
- varies form white to grey
- permeable
Talk about Marble
- This is when limestone is put under great heat and pressure
- it can vary in colour from white to green to red to black.
- it can be very easily polished
- it was used significantly in ancient times for architectural and cultural purposes.
Explain Freeze-thaw weathering
Freeze-thaw weathering is the break up of rock by frost action.
- It occurs in areas of rainfall were temperatures rise and fall above and below 0.
- During the day, water melts and seeps into the cracks of rocks
- At night it gets colder and freezes, expanding the crack by roughly 10%
- this gradually breaks the rock. the tiny broken piece is called scree.
What is Chemical Weathering
This is when rocks decay or dissolve. The most common type is carbonation.
Mass movement definition and 4 factors
Mass movement is the movement down slope of any loose material under the influence of gravity.
Gradient
Water Content
Human Activity
Removal of vegetation
The landforms of coastal Deposition
Beach Sand Dunes Sand Spit Lagoon Tombolo
The landforms of coastal Erosion
Cliffs Wave-cut Platforms Bays Headlands Sea Arch Sea Stack Sea Stump Sea Cave Blowhole
Lahar Defintion
A lahar is a type of mudflow that occurs after a volcano erupts in a snowy area
Case Study of Nevado De Ruiz
Where and When
Environmental Impact
Economic Impact
Human Impact
It happened in 1985, the area was cloud-covered so no one noticed.
The volcano threw out vast amounts of ash and steam.
This melted the snow on the volcano.
The mud was 10 metres deep and went at 80kms/hr.
The town of Armero was at the foot of the mountain.
21000 were killed
5000 homes were damaged
6000 went homeless
costed $1 billion
What are the 5 main ingredients of soil and what percentage is each?
mineral matter is 45% air is 25% water is 35% humus is 4% living organisms is 1%
The 6 factors that affect the formation of soil
Climate Parent Material Vegetation Living Organisms Landscape/relief Time
What are the 3 layers of soil
Topsoil
Subsoil
Parent Ro
What is an air front? What are the 3 types?
A front is where 2 air masses meet, they don’t mix very well due to the temperature and pressure. A front is the boundary between 2 air masses.
A cold front is represented by blue triangles
A warm front is represented by red semicircles
An occluded front (the odd time they mix) bringing inter-changeable weather represented by purple triangles and semi-circles.
What are the 7 climates?
Equatorial Savanna Hot desert Warm Temperate Cool Temperate Boreal Tundra
How much of Ireland’s water comes from surface water rivers and lakes?
80%
Where does the majority of Dublin’s water come from and why? (3 reasons)
It comes from the Wicklow because
a) The Wicklow mountains provide a lot of relief rainfall
b) Granite Bedrock is impermeable so it’s easy to obtain
c) It won’t be polluted and no one else is using it.
How does Dublin get it’s water? (there are 4 steps)
- Water is collected in Blessington lake.
- It then goes to a reservoir such as Roundwood Reservoir to be stored.
- Then it’s sent to treatment plants such as Ballymore Eustace to remove bacteria. and then
- The water is piped into Dublin to be used.
How much water does the average person use daily?
150 Litres.
How does Dublin plan to get more water in the future to meet future water necessities?
They plan to extract water from the Shannon at Parteen Weir and if done so, should be able to supply 40% of Ireland’s needs water-wise.
What is Irrigation?
The artificial Watering of the land.
Name some important points associated with Egypts Irrigation scheme and the Aswan Dam.
Egypt’s population is 77 million but most live on 5% of the floodplain near the Nile because of the agricultural possibilities.
In 1975, The Aswan Dam was created making a huge lake called lake Nasser. The dam to the sea is 1800km distance
Advantages of the Aswan Dam include having access to more water meaning.
Better agriculture
More power in the form of Hydroelectric Power
And More drinking water.
Disadvantages include the high concentration of salt (salinization) in the water,
The pollution caused by water snail
And the fact alot of water is lost to evaporation.
What is the natural vegetation of Ireland and what is it now? give examples
It used to be Deciduous trees such as Oak or Ash but now it’s Coniferous trees like Spruce or Pine. This is because our soil is a lot better than the original lands of settlers so they would grow twice as fast here. So the settlers cut down all of our trees.
Benefits of Forestry? (3 main reasons)
- In 1 year, 1 acre of trees will intake 6 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide and release 4 tonnes of Oxygen which is enough for 18 people every year.
- A semi-state body known as Coillte takes cares of the trees and proved us with $4.2 billion annually. and employ 12 thousand people
- Saves ecosystems
How to make forestry Sustainable (3 main ways)
Incorporating farming and forestry simultaneously. (agriforestry)
Having areas where trees are not allowed to be cut down
Ecotourism
How does Costa Rica handle Ecotourism (2 main points)
25% of Costa Rica’s rainforest is given to wildlife refugees, forest reserves and protected areas.
- 600,000 people get their living from ecotourism and 2.7 million people visit annually.
Tourism in Spain. Why has it grown? Give 3 reasons.
Spain developed it’s tourist industry rapidly after 1955.
It now gets more than 80 million tourists annually.
This is partially due to the nice weather, plentiful attractions and niche holidays provided.
Positive impacts of Tourism
Tourism brings money into the economy. It provides employment. Creates National Parks Improves transport. Provides new facilities.
Negative Impacts of Tourism
Jobs provided are only seasonal
Identity gets somewhat striped.
The cost of land will rise.
Pollution and litter made via tourists
Dublin’s urban problems
- Traffic Congestion
2. Urban Sprawl
How to stop Dublin’s Traffic Congestion (6 ways)
Problem Traffic Congestion,
Solutions
---------------
1. Buses / QBC's
2. The Dart (a large light rail system)
3. The Luas (A Tram System)
4. Cycle Lanes
5. The Dublin Port Tunnel
6. Road improvements.Factors affecting the Human development index (there are 4)
The GNI (Gross national income)
Education levels
Life expectancy
Gender equality
The 6 main reasons for economic inequality
Colonisation Unfair Trade Debt War expenditure Environment Population Growth
Types of Aid
Bilateral aid is help from one country to another
Multilateral aid is help from one country to another through organizations
Tied aid is aid at an unfair cost.
