Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Life sci exam 1st term > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Number of protons

A

is atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neutrons

A

mass-atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

electrons

A

electrons = protons/atomic number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

-decomposition reactions but in living organisms
-ex breakdown of fat for energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

uses e to make complex molecules from simple ones in body

usually synthesis and endergonic too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hydrolysis

A

molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

practice mols calculations

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

mass number

A

protons + neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Isotopes

A

-different neutrons, same electrons
-can be stable or unstable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ion

A

particle with + or - charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

free radical

A

has an unpaired electron in outer shell so it can be highly reactive

can damage dna

can become stable by gaining or losing e

produced by uv, xrays, normal metabloc reactions, drugs/alcohol

linked to prematue aging, preeclapise

damge can be slowed with vit c and e

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

inroganic vs organic

A

inorganic = lack carbon, simple structue
organic = carbon alwasy covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protein Buffer System

A

-more effective than phosphate and bicarbonate buffer
-carboxyl group COOh can act like an acid and release H+
-amino grop NH2 can act like base and combine with extra H+
-proteins make up most of solute in intracellular fluids and plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

A
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+

-ph too low (high H+), reaction driven to left

-pH too high (low H+) reaction is driven to right

-CO2 excreted in lungs
-H+ excreted in kidneys/urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acidos chart from twins

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A

-phosphates are major anions in intracellular and extracellular fluid
-phosphate buffers produce H+ or OH-
-monohydrogen phosphate acts as a weak acid to buffer strong acids and H+
H+ - HPO4 –> H2PO4

-dihydrogen phosphate acts as weak acid to buffer a strong base
H2PO4 + OH –> HPO4 + H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pregnancy = constant state of respiratory alkalosis due to increased breathing rate

-increased breathing results mainly from progesterone which causes an increased sensitivity to CO2

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

memorize apgar

MUST order lab evidence for foetal metabolic acidosis

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What Happens to blood pH if you increase Respiration Rate (Hyperventilation):

A

-breathing lots of CO2 out
-pH would increase
-equation shifts left: CO2 + H2O (both arrows) H2CO3 (both arrows) H+ + HCO3
-as more O2 is lost, more H+ will combine with HCO3 to produce CO2, therefore pH increases

Drive reaction to the left. As more CO2 is lost, more H+
will combine with HCO3- to produce CO2. Therefore pH
will increase (become more basic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hydroxyl Group

A

O-H = hydroxyl group, polar, hydrophilic (alcohols such as ethanol for killing bacteria and soe viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Amino Group

A

N-H = amino group, found on proteins, buffer in kidney to act as weak base and take on H+, polar and hydrophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carbonyl Group

A

C=O = carbonyl group (aldehyde if on end), if in middle they are a ketone, polar and hydrophilic, formaldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ketone Group

A

C=O in middle of structure = ketone, acetone in nail polish remover, we make ketones when we metabolise proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

COOH
-carbonyl CO + hydroxyl OH
-hydrophilic
polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Amino Acid Structure:

A

-amino group
-r side chain
-carboxyl group
-we have 21 amino acids in body, 9 of them are essential to eat in our diet
-ex. Cysteine, tyrosine, alanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

watch vid on protein structurs/floding

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Carbohydrates:

A

-key energy source for cells (used to generate ATP)
-contains only C, H, O
3 main forms; mono, di and polysaccharides
-monosaccharides = pentose (5C) and hexose (6C)
Monosaccharides combine to make disaccharides via dehydration thetis (form glycosidic bond)
-breakdown disaccharides via hydrolysis with the help of enzymes
-Polysaccharides are effectively stored as they are insoluble in water
-Main storage polysaccharide is glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Case Study: a 6 month old infant has been fed formula. Child develops jaundice, hepatomegaly, vomiting, lethargy, irritability and seizures after trying fruit juice

A

-baby has fructosemia (can’t digest fructose)
-lack of required enzymes cause interruption of a normal metabolic pathway and an accumulation of metabolic precursor, food is broken down improperly and vital organ damage is caused
-Tx. Avoid fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lipids:

A

-hydrophobic (insoluble in water)
-1. Fatty acids (carboxyl group on end of carbon chain)
-2. Lipids containing glycerol (lipid contains with 3 fatty acids to make triglyceride)
-3. Steroids (3 cyclohexane and 1 cyclopentane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Saturated fatty acids:

A

solid at room temp, saturated with hydrogen
-play an important role in hormone production, cardiovascular health, gene transcription, lipogenesis, apoptosis, cellular membrane structure, and protein signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

sphingolipid

A

fatty acid with amide linked polar groups:
=nervous syste, sognalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

eicosanoids

A

are are fatty acids that signal cell and tissue function (usually about 20 bent carbons)
prostaglandins and leukotrienes and thromboxanes are examples of eicosanoids

33
Q

arachidonic acid

A

arachidonic acid is a precursor to eicosanoids

34
Q

Why Should Aspirin and NSAIDs be Avoided in Pregnancy:

A

prevents clotting so dont give during labour
-blocks production of prostaglandins
Aspirin/NSAIDs block COX-2 enzyme
This doesn’t close ring so we can make eicosanoids
Causes decreased thromboxane (thromboxane aids in blood clotting)
-Thromboxane helps platelet aggregation, causing excessive bleeding and less clotting
-thromboxane decreases prostaglandin that leads to closing of ductus arteriosus in baby
-decreased prostaglandins reduces pain (prostaglandins cause high pain sensory)
-can close baby’s ductus arteriosus during pregnancy

35
Q

Naming Fatty Acids:

A

-count carbons/points, then omega
PRACTICE

36
Q

Phospholipids

A

phosphate, polar head group, glycerol backbone, fatty acid chain
-hydrophilic head
-hydrophobic tail
-do energy transfer/breakdown of ATP, intracellular signalling, membrane structure

37
Q

Steroids:

A

-2 major groups: metabolic (mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids made in adrenal glands), and sex hormones (progesterone, oestrogen and androgens made in gonads)
-cholesterol is a precursor to make homrones

38
Q

How Steroids Act:

A

-can’t move freely in blood as they are not water soluble
-instead they move attached to a transport protein
-hormone enters cell and binds to intracellular receptors
-the hormone/receptor complex bind specific hormone response elements in DNA
-see certain genes will be turned on and the contain protein will be made to exert effects

39
Q

Glycogenesis: (when we have too much glucose in blood)

A

=making gylcogen
-excess glucose is stored as glycogen
-this process is stimulated by insulin (lack of insulin or non-responsiveness-diabetes)
-glycogen (polysaccharide) is the only form of carbs stored in the body
-this occurs in the liver and skeletal muscle
-requires hexokinase and ATP

40
Q

Glycogenolysis: (when we need ATP):

A

glycogen in liver/muscle nis broken down to glucose
-npt an exact reverse of glycogenesis process (need phosphorylases and phosphatases)
-stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

glucagon: hormone from alpha pancreas cells to increase glucose levels

41
Q

Lipolysis:

A

lipids stored in the adipose tissue or liver and can be oxidised to make ATP

42
Q

Lipogenesis:

A

excess calories can be stored by liver or adipose cells as lipids

43
Q

Lipolysis:
(lipid catabolism)

A

Triglycerides → (lipase) → glycerol + fatty acids
Stimulated by epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol

44
Q

Ketogenesis: (too much acetyl CoA)

A
45
Q

Lipogenesis (Lipid Anabolism):

A

-stimulated by insulin
-liver/adipose cells make lipids if we consume more calories than we need

46
Q

dna to protein

A

-transcription (RNA polymerase)
-mRNA exits nucleus because we don’t make proteins in nucleus, heads to cytoplasm
-free floating amino acids in cytoplasm, tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome
-ribosomes incorporate amino acids into growing protein chain in 3 base pairs at a time

47
Q

How Molecules get Across Cell Membrane:

A

-charge gradient (inside of cell is more -ve)
-simple diffusion (from high to low concentration)
-osmosis
-hydrostatic pressure

48
Q

look at ipad notes

A
49
Q

Gestational Diabetes:

A

macrosomia (baby gets fat) → possible birth interventions needed
-pregnant person isn’t making enough insulin
-placental hormones increase late in pregnancy which interferes with insulin

50
Q
A
50
Q

Abnormal Urine:

A

-high white blood cells → UTI, kidney infection
-high ketones → diabetes,
-blood in urine → trauma, tumour, UTI, kidney stones, menstruation
-proteinuria → pregnancy induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, kidney disease
-high urobilinogen → hepatitis (liver disease), pernicious anaemia,
-high bilirubin → liver disease
-high glucose → diabetes, kidney disease
-nitrite → UTI

51
Q

each vitamin function

A
52
Q

3 Main Cell Types in Blood:

A

-red blood cells (erythrocytes)
-no nucleus, have haemoglobin and transport O2 and CO2
-white blood cells (leukocytes)
-nucleated multiple types, immune cells, about double the size of RBCs
-platelets (thrombocytes)
-no nucleus, they’re more like cell fragments, allow clotting

53
Q

Hematocrit:

A

=amount of red blood cells compared to rest of blood

-centrifuge blood, about 40-54%

-20% hematocrit (red blood cell conc.) = anaemia, iron deficiency, issues with bone marrow, vitamin deficiency

-increased hematocrit (red blood cell conc. of 55%) = dehydration, extended delayed cord clamping in newborns, polycythemia (bone marrow makes too many rbc) high altitudes, smokers - hypoxia

54
Q

look into whinro

A
55
Q

Virus Life Cycle:

A

Infecting virus
Attachment
Pentreation (entry)
Uncoating (get rid of capsid/outer shell)
Replication
Assembly
Release - either by budding off (often enveloped virus) or cell lysis

56
Q

Gram +/- Chart

A

gram staining for bacteria only
-+ = thicker peptidoglycan
– = thinner peptidoglycan but has lipopolysaccahrids LLPS covering cell wall

+ =purple
- = pink

57
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

polymer of sugars and amino acids that from mesh like layers outside the membrane and is called the cell wall

58
Q

teichoic acid

A

-adding rigidity to cell wall, may be receptors for some bacteriophages and may function in pathogenesis

59
Q

Bacteriophage:

A

virus that infects prokaryotic cells
-corynebacterium diphtheriae: this bacteria needs to be infected by the beta phage to make diphtheria toxin, no page = no diphtheria disease occurs

60
Q

Streptococcus Symptoms:

A
61
Q

trichomonas vaginalisis

A

A
-infection in adults may be asymptomatic or manifest (most commonly) as vulvovaginal itching with a malodorous vaginal discharge. Neonatal infection with Is infrequently reported, but has been noted to cause urinary tract infections and vaginitis in infants as premature as 28 weeks’ gestation. In addition, infants with cultured from nasopharyngeal secretions have been reported to present with significant respiratory distress, but its causality in this clinical setting is unclear.
= trichomonas vaginalisis - can be spread as and STD, associated with adverse birth outcomes so treat before birth

62
Q

Naked Virus

A

(non-enveloped viruses):
-composed solely of a protein coat called a capsid that surrounds their genetic material, which can be either RNA or DNA.
-lack an outer lipid membrane envelope.
-rhinovirus (common cold virus), and norovirus (stomach flu virus)

63
Q

Enveloped Virus

A

have an additional outer lipid bilayer membrane envelope surrounding their protein capsid.
-envelope is derived from the host cell membrane when the virus buds off from the host cell during the viral replication process.
- influenza virus, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), and herpes simplex virus.

64
Q

anarobic respp and all that stuff

A
65
Q

electrolytes

A

ionic
compound that break apart
into positive and negative
ions in solution

66
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

manufacture of glucose from other substrates such
as proteins and lipids

67
Q

vitamin d

A

bone pain, muscle weakness
from sun
need for calcium homeostasis

68
Q

vit k

A

for clotting
hemorahig diesease of newborn

69
Q

vit b1

A

fatigue/cramps/confusion
-needed for oxidative metabolism or will build lactic acid and have neuro issues

70
Q

essential farry acids

A

wound healing
decrease cholesterol levels

71
Q

vit b12

A

for protein synthesis
can lead to anemia feeling tired

72
Q

blood group donate chart

A
73
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • Is a globin protein consisting of 4 polypeptide (protein) chains
  • Has one heme pigment attached to each polypeptide chain
  • Each heme contains an iron ion (Fe+2) that can combine reversibly with
    one oxygen molecule
74
Q

rbc recycling

A

no organells sp cant repair, wear out from fitting in capillaries

broke down by liver

globin broken into amino acids for new protein

heme split into iron for bone marrow and non iron converted to biliruben

75
Q

Biliruben from RBC

A

heme split to iron and biliruben

bilirubin to liver as conjugated
goes to intestines
colon converts bilirubin to urobilinogen as poop
some urobilingon goes back to blood and converted to urobilin (yellow) to exit as peee

76
Q

Virus 3 ways of entering cell

A

Method 1: Direct translation, ss RNA or one strand of dsRNA acts as mRNA and
is translated in the cytoplasm by host machinery- ie rubella

Method 2: Virus has its own viral RNA polymerase, genetic material
comes in as ssRNA and use its own RNA polymerase to make copy that
acts like mRNA and can be translated, ie influenza

Method 3: Retrovirus like HIV- virus RNA enters cell cytoplasm, Reverse
transcriptase from the virus makes a copy of the RNA into DNA, this is
then integrated into the host DNA and the virus DNA gets
transcribed/translated just like normal host proteins

77
Q

viral terms

A

lytic = virus assembles, breaks cell and cell dies
persistant - virus keeps using cell to assemble and budds of but doesnt destoy cell

Life sci exam 1st term (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions