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chemical carcinogenesis > part 1 > Flashcards

part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal cell differentiation and growth

A

Cancer/ Neoplasm

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2
Q

In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding _________

A

tissues

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3
Q

Characteristics of Cancer

A
  1. Sustained angiogenesis
  2. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  3. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  4. Evasion of apoptosis
  5. Limitless replicative potential
  6. Tissue invasion and metastasis
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4
Q

Stages of Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Progression
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5
Q

Irreversible stage of carcinogenesis

A

Initiation

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6
Q

Reversible stage of carcinogenesis

A

Promotion

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7
Q

Last Irreversible stage of carcinogenesis

A

Progression / Neoplasia

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8
Q

Abnormal tissue growth in mucosal surface of colon (most common), ear canal, cervix

Can be removed (not life threatening); can become malignant

A

Benign Tumors/ Polyp

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9
Q

Non-cancerous type of cancer

A

Benign Tumors/ Polyp

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10
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Carcinoma, Sarcoma

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11
Q

of epithelial origin

Most common. Cancer of the skin or organ lining e.g., liver or kidneys

A

carcinoma

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12
Q

of mesenchymal origin

Cancer of connective tissue e.g., bones, muscles, cartilage, & blood vessels

A

sarcoma

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13
Q

Blood cancers

A

leukemia, Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma

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14
Q

Difference of hodgkin to non-hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Reed-Sternberg cells are present in Hodgkin Lymphoma

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15
Q

Bone marrow CA

A

Leukemia

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16
Q

CA of the immune system

A

Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Multiple Myeloma

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17
Q

Agents that causes change in the gene structure

A

Mutagens

18
Q

May result from misread DNA through transitions and transversions, frame-shifting or broken DNA stands

A

Mutagens

19
Q

Examples of mutagens

A

Genotoxic / DNA-reactive carcinogens

20
Q

Direct-acting carcinogen

A

Active parent

21
Q

Indirect-acting carcinogen

A

Metabolite

22
Q

The development of cancer following exposure to chemical carcinogens is a relatively rare event because of a cell’s ability to recognize and repair DNA.

A

DNA Repair Mechanisms

23
Q

DNA Repair Mechanisms

A
  1. Cut-and-Patch by pol 1
  2. Nick Translation by pol 1
  3. Base Excision or Mismatch Repair of Single-base Mispairs
  4. Photoreactivation Repair
  5. Homologous Recombination
  6. Nonhomologous End-joining Repair of DNA
24
Q

The DNA region containing the adduct is removed and a new patch of DNA is synthesized, using the opposite intact strand as a template.

A

Cut-and-Patch by pol 1

25
Q

The new DNA segment is then spliced into the DNA molecule in place of the defective one. To be effective in restoring a cell to normal, repair of DNA must occur prior to cell division

A

Cut-and-Patch by pol 1

26
Q
  1. Nick Translation by pol 1
A
  1. Nick Translation by pol 1
27
Q

Typically repairs chemically modified nucleobases

A

Base Excision or Mismatch Repair of Single-base Mispairs

28
Q

– Removes altered base; pol I fills the gap

A

DNA Glycosylase

29
Q

– Cut DNA near apurinic sites (the cut is then extended by exonucleases, and the resulting gap is repaired by DNA polymerase and ligase)

A

Apurinic endonucleases

30
Q

Photolyase – Binds T-T cyclobutane dimer → Individual pyrimidine bases

A

Photoreactivation Repair

31
Q

– Binds T-T cyclobutane dimer → Individual pyrimidine bases

A

Photolyase

32
Q

The double-strand break on one chromosome is repaired using the information on the homologous, intact chromosome.

A

Homologous Recombination

33
Q

The predominant mechanism for double-stranded DNA repair

Disad: Several base pairs are lost at the joining point. This type of deletion may produce a possible mutagenic coding change

A

Nonhomologous End-joining Repair of DNA

34
Q

Chemical Mutagens

A

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Alkylating agents (Electrophilic)
Aromatic amines and amides (Dyes)
Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)

35
Q

Benzopyrene in charcoal-broiled foods, tobacco, diesel exhaust

  • sa mga inihaw, dulok
A

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

36
Q

Nitrosamines (salitre)
Aflatoxin (found in nuts if improperly dried, can also cause liver damage
Alkyl sulfates
Cytotoxic Alkylating agents

A

Alkylating agents (Electrophilic)

37
Q

Alkylating agents (Electrophilic)

A

Nitrosamines (salitre)
Aflatoxin (found in nuts if improperly dried, can also cause liver damage
Alkyl sulfates
Cytotoxic Alkylating agents

38
Q

dyes

A

Aromatic amines and amides

39
Q
  • causes DNA double-stranded breaking in skin, possible allergic reactions
  • found in hotdogs, sausages, potato chips
A

Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)

40
Q

Physical Mutagens

A

UVB radiation (Sun exposure)

Ionizing radiation (x and gamma
rays)

chemical carcinogenesis (2 decks)

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