Part 1 Flashcards
2 endocrine glands
Estrogen and Progesterone
Primary female sex organ
Ovaries
Homologous to penis
Clitoris
Release of the mature egg from the ovary
Ovulation
Site of fetal development
Uterus
Site of implantation of embryo
Fallopian Tube
Organ of milk production
Mammary Gland
Commonly called birth canal
Vagina
Production of Sperm Cells, Sustaining the transfer of the sperm cells to the female, production of male sex hormones
MALE
Production of female sex cells, Reception of sperm cells from the male, nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new individual, production of female sex hormones.
FEMALE
Female Primary Sex Organ
Ovaries
Male Primary Sex Organ
Testes
control the development of reproductive structures, development of secondary sex characteristics, oogenesis and sexual behavior
HORMONES
control the sexual act and in the expression of sexual behavior
NEURAL MECHANISM
Primary female reproductive organs.
Functions: Produce ova or egg, Produce estrogen and progesterone
OVARIES
funcions: transport, nurture, and serve the needs of the developing fetus
ACCESSORY ORGANS
Ovaries
Duct System - Uterine (fallopian) tubes, Uterus, Vagina
External Genitalia
ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
it is the other name of the hole of external genitalia
Vulva
Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of
Oocyte
This is the “Immature Egg” in the ovaries
Oocyte
layers of different cells that surround the oocyte
Follicle cells
Oocyte
Anthrum
Vesicular (Graafian) folliclw
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
OVARIAN FOLLICLES
Suspensory ligaments
Ovarian ligaments
Broad ligaments
OVARY SUPPORT
Uterine (Fallopian) tubes
Uterus
Vagina
FEMALE DUCT SYSTEM
responsible for taking the egg cells inside of the fallopian tube
FIMBRIAE
middle of fallopian tube
Ampulla
Fallopian Tube (10cm long)
Receive ovulated oocyte & provide site for fertilization
opening is surrounded by fimbriae
supported by broad ligaments
fimbriae contains cilia that sweeps the oocyte into the uterine tube (fluid currents) + peristalsis = oocyte carried toward uterus
UTERINE TUBES
Hollow organs, located in the pelvis between the urinary bladder and rectum
functions to receive, retain and nourish fertilized egg
Size and shape of a pear, in a woman who has never been pregnant
UTERUS
The opening of uterine tubes is surrounded by ____
Fimbriae
The fimbriae contains this to sweep the oocute into the uterine tube + peristalsis
cilia
located in the superior part of the uterus
Fundus
Broad
Round
Uterosacral
Uterine Support
Body
Fundus
Cervix
Regions of the Uterus
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Layers of the Uterus
thin walled tube about 8-10cm long
Female organ of copulation
Functions to receive penis during intercourse
Allows menstrual flow and childbirth (birth canal)
Distal end is partially closed by a thin fold mucosa
VAGINA
This usually rips off but not a reliable indicator of virginity
hymen
Mons Pubis
Labia
Clitoris
Urethral Orifice
Vaginal Orifice
Greater vestibular glands
External Genitalia and Female Perineum
“mountain of pubis”
Mons Pubis
skin folds (Labia Majora, Labia Minora)
Labia
contains the external openings of the urethra and vagina
Vestibule
secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse
Greater Vestibular Glands
corresponds to penis sensitive erectile tissues becomes swollen with blood during excitement
Clitoris
diamond-shaped region
Perineum
where pubis is covered
Labia Majora
The total supply of eggs is determined by the time a female is born
Ability to release eggs begins at puberty with the onset of the menstrual cycle
Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Oogenesis - process of producing ova (eggs) in a female
Oogonia - female stem cells found in a developing fetus
Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes that are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS AND CYCLES
Ability to release eggs begins at puberty with the onset of the ____
menstrual cycle
WHERE Reproductive ability ends
Menopause
process of producing ova (eggs) in a female
Oogenesis
female stem cells found in a developing fetus
Oogonia
Oogonia undergo _____ to produce __________ that are surrounded by cells that form ________ in the ovary
Mitosis
Primary Oocytes
Primary Follicles
causes some primary follicles to mature each month
FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
- completed after ovulation only if sperm penetrates the oocyte
- Ovum is produced
- Two additional polar bodies are produced
Meiosis
This is what the sperm penetrates in Meiosis
Oocyte
Result of Sperm penetrating the oocyte during meiosis
Ovum
Once ovum is formed, the 23 chromosomes can be combined with the 23 chromosomes of the sperm to form the FERTILIZED EGG called?
Zygote
In meiosis, males produce what?
4 functional sperm
In meiosis, female produces what?
Produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies
tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
Sperm
large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
Egg
Appears between 11 and 13 years
Marked by menarche (1st menstruation)
Changes are the result of the increase rate of estrogen and progesterone secretion of the ovaries
Before puberty, estrogen and progesterone are secreted in very small amounts
At puberty, the cyclical adult pattern of hormone secretion is gradually established
PUBERTY
This hormone is produced by follicle cells
Estrogens
These affects secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
causes reuptake of calcium ions, making bone density higher.
Estrogen
produced by the corpus luteum
Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
produced by the corpus luteum
Production continues until LH diminishes in the blood
Does NOT contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Other Major Effects (Helps maintain pregnancy by inhibiting the contraction of myometrium, Prepares the breasts for milk production)
Progesterone
Release of an oocyte from ovary
Ovulation
- Follicular Phase
- Ovulation Phase
- Luteal Phase
Ovarian Cycle
the ovarian follicles mature and get ready to release and egg.
rise in the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first days of the cycle, a few ovarian folliclws are stimulated.
folliclws compete with each other for dominance, follicle that reaches maturity is called tertiary, or Graafian follicle, and it contains the ovum
Follicular Phase
follicle compete with each other for dominance, follicle that reaches maturity is calle
Graafian follicle
release of hormone matured the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte thus becomes matured ovum
LH
The pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of rhe dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone/estrogen
hormones produced by the corpus outeum also suprress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself.
loss of corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg.
Luteal Phase
The pituitary hormones _____ cause the remaining parts of rhe dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which produces ______
FSH and LH, Progesterone/Estrogen
Loss of corpus luteum is caused by _____
prevented by fertilization
Cyclic changes of the endometrium, about 28 days in length
Regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries
FSH and LH, from the anterior pituitary, regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries
Ovulation typically occurs about midway through cycle, on day 14 (day of ovulation)
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
Days of menstrual cycle
28 days
What day does ovulation occur?
Day 14
STAGES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Day 1-5: Menstrual Phase
Day 6-14: proliferative stage
Days 15-28: Secretory Phase
Functional layer of the endometrium is detached
Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days
Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are producing more estrogen
Serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant
Proliferative Stage
Day 1-5: Menstrual Phase
Regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium, increase in blood supply
Endometrium is repaired, thickens, velvety and becomes well vascularized
Estrogen levels rise
Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage due to the sudden surge of LH in the blood
Day 6-14: proliferative stage
Levels of progesterone rise by the corpus luteum and increase the blood supply to the endometrium, which becomes more vascular
Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation
If fertilization occurs: Embryo produces a hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones
If fertilization does NOT occur: Corpus Luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline, The phases are repeated about every 28 days
Days 15-28: Secretory Phase
Consist of mammary glands which are considered the organ of milk production
Before puberty, the breasts of males and females are similar. However, female breast begins to enlarge during puberty, under the influence of estrogen and progesterone
BREAST
normally functions in women due to the production of milk
modified sweat glands
increase in size during puberty due to sex hormones (estrogen)
consists of 15-25 lobes, which is separated by connective tissues and fats
each lobe contains smaller chambers “lobules” (contains clusters of alveolar glands = production of milk = lactiferous duct = nipple
Mammary Glands
Areola - central pigmented area
Nipple - producing central area of areola
Lobes - internal structure that radiate around nipple
Lobules - located within each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands
Alveolar Glands - produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk)
Lactiferous ducts - connect alveolar gland to nipple
Lactiferous sinus - dilated portion where milk accumulates
Parts of the Mammary Gland
x-ray examination that detects breast cancers to small to feel
American Cancer Society recommends mammography annually for women between 45 and 54 years old and every 2 years thereafter if the results are normal
Breast cancer is often signaled by a change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple
Mammography
Cessation of menstrual cycle
Caused by age-related changes in the ovaries
Follicles are less sensitive to stimulation of the FSH & LH
Climacteric - from onset of irregular cycles up to the cessation of menstrual cycle
MENOPAUSE
time from fertilization until infant is born
Pregnancy
developing offspring
Conceptus
period of time from fertilization until week 8
Embryo
week 9 until birth
Fetus
from date of last period until birth (approximately 280 days)
Gestation period
Pregnancy - time from fertilization until infant is born
Conceptus - developing offspring
Embryo - period of time from fertilization until week 8
Fetus - week 9 until birth
Gestation period - from date of last period until birth (approximately 280 days)
PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Begins when sperm cell penetrates into the cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte
FERTILIZATION
An oocyte is viable up to 24 hours after ovulation
Sperm are viable up to 48 hours after ejaculation
For fertilization to occur, sexual intervourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after
Sperm cells must make their way to the uterine tube for fertilization to be possible
Sperm cells are attracted to the oocyte by chemicals
ACCOMPLISHING FERTILIZATION
Female Sex Cells
Ova
Male Sex Cells
Sperm
Other term of Fallopian Tube
Uterine
Each ovary houses ovarian follicles called
Oocyte
