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Human Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of structural organization

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

Four main elements in the human body (96%)

A

Oxygen (65%), carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%), nitrogen (3.2%)

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3
Q

9 secondary elements (3.9% of body)

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, iron

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4
Q

11 trace elements

A

Chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

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5
Q

Types of carbohydrates (3)

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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6
Q

Types of lipids (4)

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

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7
Q

Shapes of proteins (2)

A

Fibrous (structural, stands like, water soluble, stable, for mechanical support and tensile strength)
Globular (functional, compact, spherical, water soluble, used in specific structural regions)

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8
Q

Tight junction

A

Impermeable junction, forms a continuous seal, and prevents molecules from passing between cells

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions like a molecular Velcro, keeps cells from tearing apart

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10
Q

Gap junction

A

Slow communication between cells through ion and small molecules to pass through, allows electrical signals to pass quickly between cells

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11
Q

Carrier Proteins
(Antiporters verse Symporters)

A

Antiporters - transport one substance into the cell while transporting another substance out of the cell
Symporters - transport two different substances in the same direction

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12
Q

Primary verse secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport - required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis

Secondary active transport - required energy comes indirectly from ionic gradients from primary active transport

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13
Q

Vesicular transport

A
  • Transporting large particles, macromolecules, and fluid across the membrane in sans called vesicles
  • required ATP
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14
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport into the cell
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis

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15
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of the cell

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16
Q

Transocytosis

A

Transport into, across, and then out of the cell

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17
Q

Vesicular trafficking

A

Transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

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18
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

Occurs as a result of the K+ that leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside via leak K+ channels and generated a negative charge in the inside verse the outside

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19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-studded with ribosomes
- synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from the cell
- synthesis of plasma proteins and phospholipids

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20
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Integral proteins function
- lipid metabolism
- absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
- detoxification of certain chemicals
- converting of glycogen to free glucose
- storage and release of calcium

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processing and distribution of newly synthesized proteins

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • neutralize toxins, mainly free radicals (highly reactive materials that are natural byproduct of cellular metabolism
  • breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
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23
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acidic hydrolases)
  • degrade nonfunctional organelles
  • intercellular release in injured cells causes cell to digest themselves (autolysis)
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24
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

A sheet of cells that cover body surfaces or cavities
- covering and lining epithelial
- glandular epithelial
- special characteristics: polarity, specialized contracts, supported by connective tissues, vascular but innervated, regeneration

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25
Q

Simple squamous

A
  • One layer of flat cells
  • found in lungs, heart lining, blood vessels, etc
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26
Q

Simple cuboidal

A
  • one layer of squares like cells
  • secretion and absorption
  • kidney tubules, small glands, ovary surface, etc
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27
Q

Simple columnar

A
  • one layer of long rectangular cells
  • absorption and secretion of mucus
  • digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts, uterus, etc
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28
Q

Pseudostratisfied columnar

A
  • one layer of cells of differing lengths
  • secret mucus, ciliary action
  • found in teachers and most of upper respiratory tract, non-ciliates type in male down-carrying ducts, ducts of large glands, etc
29
Q

Stratified squamous

A
  • Multiple layers of flat cells
  • protects underlying from abrasion
  • esophagus, mouth, vagina, keratenized version form epidemic of the skin
30
Q

Stratified cuboidal

A
  • quite rare
    Two or more layers of square shaped cells
  • sweat and Mandy glands
31
Q

Stratified columnar

A
  • Quite rare
    Usually occurs at a transition area between two other types of epithelial
  • pharynx, make urethra, lining off some glandular ducts
  • Only apical layer is columnar
32
Q

Transitional epithelial

A
  • Both stratified squamous and stratified columnar; surface cells done or squamous shaped
  • stretches readily
  • ureters, bladder, parts of urethra
33
Q

Glandular epithelial

A

Exocrine and endocrine glands
- epithelial she creates a ducts cell passage for exocrine glands
- endocrine glands lose ducts during development (only endocrine have blood vessels)

34
Q

Modes of secretion

A

Merocrine - secrete products by exocytosis in secretory vesicles
Holocrine - secrete products in cell fragments by rupturing the cell

35
Q

Types of connective tissues proper

A

Loose connective tissue - arteriolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective tissue- regular, irregular, elastic

36
Q

Types of cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
37
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytize cells that eat dead cells

38
Q

Mast cells

A

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms

39
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A
  • Aka skin
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial (epidermis) attached to Rick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
  • A dry membrane
40
Q

Mucus membrane

A
  • mucosa indicated location not cell type
  • epithelial sheer lies over layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria
  • may secrete mucus
41
Q

Serous membranes

A
  • closed central body cavities
  • simple squamous resting on areolar connective tissue
  • visceral serosae cover internal organs
42
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Fibrous keratin
  • Major cells of epidermis
  • tightly connected by desmosomes
43
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • spider shaped cells located deep in the epidermis
  • produce melanin pigment packaged into melanosomes
44
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • aka langerhans cells
  • start shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis
  • Key activators of immune system
45
Q

Tactile cells

A
  • aka Merkel cells
  • Sensory receptors that sense touch
46
Q

Five skin layers
(In order inside to outside)

A

1) stratum basalt
2) stratum spinous
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)
5) stratum corneum

47
Q

Layers is dermis

A

Papillary - areolar connective tissue with interlacing collagen, elastic fibres, and blood cells
Reticular - dense fibrous connective tissue, makes up about 80% of dermis, responsible for flexure lines

48
Q

Skin colour

A

Caused by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

49
Q

Hair

A
  • Dead keratinized cells
  • warn off insects, protects skin from heat loss and sun
  • structure - medulla, cortex, cuticle
50
Q

Types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine - aka merocrine, most numerous, thermoregulation, regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Apocrine - secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat, smells

51
Q

Modified apocrine glands

A

Ceruminous glands - lining of external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)
Mammary glands - secretes milk
Moll glands - by eyelids, tear ducts?

52
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • provides support, flexibility and resilience
  • most abundant type
  • Includes NARC (nasal, Articulate, respiratory, costal)
53
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • contains elastic fibres
  • only in external ear and epiglottis
  • elastin
54
Q

Firbocartilage

A
  • thick collagen with great tensile strength
    Roughly parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibres
  • Areas of high pressure and stretch - pubic symphysis and menisci
55
Q

Trabecular

A

Bone marrow

56
Q

Facet

A

Smooth, Nearly flat articulated surface

57
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articulate projection, often has corresponding fossa

58
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow, split-like opening

59
Q

Foremen

A

Round or oval opening through a bone

60
Q

Meatus

A

Canal-like passageway

61
Q

Sinus

A

Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

62
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone

63
Q

Mesenchymal stem cell

A
  • Develops into other cells types
  • aka osteoprogenitor or osterogenic cells
    Differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
64
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
  • actively Mitotic
65
Q

Osteocyte

A

Marie bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide

66
Q

Bone lining cells

A

-Flat cells on bone surface that help maintain matrix
-periosteal and endosteal cells

67
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • function in bone reabsorption
  • located in reabsorption bays
68
Q

Osteon

A
  • Haversian system
  • Part of compact bone
  • osteon cylinders consist of several rings of bone called lamellae which contain collagen fibres

Human Anatomy And Physiology 1 (1 decks)

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