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Human Anatomy And Physiology 1 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of structural organization

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ, system, organismal

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2
Q

Four main elements in the human body (96%)

A

Oxygen (65%), carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%), nitrogen (3.2%)

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3
Q

9 secondary elements (3.9% of body)

A

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, iron

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4
Q

11 trace elements

A

Chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc

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5
Q

Types of carbohydrates (3)

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

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6
Q

Types of lipids (4)

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids

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7
Q

Shapes of proteins (2)

A

Fibrous (structural, stands like, water soluble, stable, for mechanical support and tensile strength)
Globular (functional, compact, spherical, water soluble, used in specific structural regions)

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8
Q

Tight junction

A

Impermeable junction, forms a continuous seal, and prevents molecules from passing between cells

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9
Q

Desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions like a molecular Velcro, keeps cells from tearing apart

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10
Q

Gap junction

A

Slow communication between cells through ion and small molecules to pass through, allows electrical signals to pass quickly between cells

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11
Q

Carrier Proteins
(Antiporters verse Symporters)

A

Antiporters - transport one substance into the cell while transporting another substance out of the cell
Symporters - transport two different substances in the same direction

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12
Q

Primary verse secondary active transport

A

Primary active transport - required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis

Secondary active transport - required energy comes indirectly from ionic gradients from primary active transport

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13
Q

Vesicular transport

A
  • Transporting large particles, macromolecules, and fluid across the membrane in sans called vesicles
  • required ATP
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14
Q

Endocytosis

A

Transport into the cell
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis

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15
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transport out of the cell

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16
Q

Transocytosis

A

Transport into, across, and then out of the cell

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17
Q

Vesicular trafficking

A

Transport from one area or organelle in cell to another

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18
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

Occurs as a result of the K+ that leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside via leak K+ channels and generated a negative charge in the inside verse the outside

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19
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

-studded with ribosomes
- synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from the cell
- synthesis of plasma proteins and phospholipids

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20
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Integral proteins function
- lipid metabolism
- absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
- detoxification of certain chemicals
- converting of glycogen to free glucose
- storage and release of calcium

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21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Processing and distribution of newly synthesized proteins

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22
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • neutralize toxins, mainly free radicals (highly reactive materials that are natural byproduct of cellular metabolism
  • breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
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23
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acidic hydrolases)
  • degrade nonfunctional organelles
  • intercellular release in injured cells causes cell to digest themselves (autolysis)
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24
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

A sheet of cells that cover body surfaces or cavities
- covering and lining epithelial
- glandular epithelial
- special characteristics: polarity, specialized contracts, supported by connective tissues, vascular but innervated, regeneration

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25
Simple squamous
- One layer of flat cells - found in lungs, heart lining, blood vessels, etc
26
Simple cuboidal
- one layer of squares like cells - secretion and absorption - kidney tubules, small glands, ovary surface, etc
27
Simple columnar
- one layer of long rectangular cells - absorption and secretion of mucus - digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts, uterus, etc
28
Pseudostratisfied columnar
- one layer of cells of differing lengths - secret mucus, ciliary action - found in teachers and most of upper respiratory tract, non-ciliates type in male down-carrying ducts, ducts of large glands, etc
29
Stratified squamous
- Multiple layers of flat cells - protects underlying from abrasion - esophagus, mouth, vagina, keratenized version form epidemic of the skin
30
Stratified cuboidal
- quite rare Two or more layers of square shaped cells - sweat and Mandy glands
31
Stratified columnar
- Quite rare Usually occurs at a transition area between two other types of epithelial - pharynx, make urethra, lining off some glandular ducts - Only apical layer is columnar
32
Transitional epithelial
- Both stratified squamous and stratified columnar; surface cells done or squamous shaped - stretches readily - ureters, bladder, parts of urethra
33
Glandular epithelial
Exocrine and endocrine glands - epithelial she creates a ducts cell passage for exocrine glands - endocrine glands lose ducts during development (only endocrine have blood vessels)
34
Modes of secretion
Merocrine - secrete products by exocytosis in secretory vesicles Holocrine - secrete products in cell fragments by rupturing the cell
35
Types of connective tissues proper
Loose connective tissue - arteriolar, adipose, reticular Dense connective tissue- regular, irregular, elastic
36
Types of cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage - Elastic cartilage - Fibrocartilage
37
Macrophages
Phagocytize cells that eat dead cells
38
Mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms
39
Cutaneous membrane
- Aka skin - Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial (epidermis) attached to Rick layer of connective tissue (dermis) - A dry membrane
40
Mucus membrane
- mucosa indicated location not cell type - epithelial sheer lies over layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria - may secrete mucus
41
Serous membranes
- closed central body cavities - simple squamous resting on areolar connective tissue - visceral serosae cover internal organs
42
Keratinocytes
- Fibrous keratin - Major cells of epidermis - tightly connected by desmosomes
43
Melanocytes
- spider shaped cells located deep in the epidermis - produce melanin pigment packaged into melanosomes
44
Dendritic cells
- aka langerhans cells - start shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis - Key activators of immune system
45
Tactile cells
- aka Merkel cells - Sensory receptors that sense touch
46
Five skin layers (In order inside to outside)
1) stratum basalt 2) stratum spinous 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin) 5) stratum corneum
47
Layers is dermis
Papillary - areolar connective tissue with interlacing collagen, elastic fibres, and blood cells Reticular - dense fibrous connective tissue, makes up about 80% of dermis, responsible for flexure lines
48
Skin colour
Caused by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
49
Hair
- Dead keratinized cells - warn off insects, protects skin from heat loss and sun - structure - medulla, cortex, cuticle
50
Types of sweat glands
Eccrine - aka merocrine, most numerous, thermoregulation, regulated by sympathetic nervous system Apocrine - secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat, smells
51
Modified apocrine glands
Ceruminous glands - lining of external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax) Mammary glands - secretes milk Moll glands - by eyelids, tear ducts?
52
Hyaline cartilage
- provides support, flexibility and resilience - most abundant type - Includes NARC (nasal, Articulate, respiratory, costal)
53
Elastic cartilage
- contains elastic fibres - only in external ear and epiglottis - elastin
54
Firbocartilage
- thick collagen with great tensile strength Roughly parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibres - Areas of high pressure and stretch - pubic symphysis and menisci
55
Trabecular
Bone marrow
56
Facet
Smooth, Nearly flat articulated surface
57
Condyle
Rounded articulate projection, often has corresponding fossa
58
Fissure
Narrow, split-like opening
59
Foremen
Round or oval opening through a bone
60
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
61
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
62
Fossa
Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone
63
Mesenchymal stem cell
- Develops into other cells types - aka osteoprogenitor or osterogenic cells Differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
64
Osteoblasts
- Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid - actively Mitotic
65
Osteocyte
Marie bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
66
Bone lining cells
-Flat cells on bone surface that help maintain matrix -periosteal and endosteal cells
67
Osteoclasts
- function in bone reabsorption - located in reabsorption bays
68
Osteon
- Haversian system - Part of compact bone - osteon cylinders consist of several rings of bone called lamellae which contain collagen fibres

Human Anatomy And Physiology 1 (1 decks)

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