Part 1 Flashcards
Levels of structural organization
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ, system, organismal
Four main elements in the human body (96%)
Oxygen (65%), carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%), nitrogen (3.2%)
9 secondary elements (3.9% of body)
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine, iron
11 trace elements
Chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, zinc
Types of carbohydrates (3)
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Types of lipids (4)
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids
Shapes of proteins (2)
Fibrous (structural, stands like, water soluble, stable, for mechanical support and tensile strength)
Globular (functional, compact, spherical, water soluble, used in specific structural regions)
Tight junction
Impermeable junction, forms a continuous seal, and prevents molecules from passing between cells
Desmosomes
Anchoring junctions like a molecular Velcro, keeps cells from tearing apart
Gap junction
Slow communication between cells through ion and small molecules to pass through, allows electrical signals to pass quickly between cells
Carrier Proteins
(Antiporters verse Symporters)
Antiporters - transport one substance into the cell while transporting another substance out of the cell
Symporters - transport two different substances in the same direction
Primary verse secondary active transport
Primary active transport - required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis
Secondary active transport - required energy comes indirectly from ionic gradients from primary active transport
Vesicular transport
- Transporting large particles, macromolecules, and fluid across the membrane in sans called vesicles
- required ATP
Endocytosis
Transport into the cell
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transport out of the cell
Transocytosis
Transport into, across, and then out of the cell
Vesicular trafficking
Transport from one area or organelle in cell to another
Resting membrane potential (RMP)
Occurs as a result of the K+ that leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside via leak K+ channels and generated a negative charge in the inside verse the outside
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
-studded with ribosomes
- synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from the cell
- synthesis of plasma proteins and phospholipids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Integral proteins function
- lipid metabolism
- absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
- detoxification of certain chemicals
- converting of glycogen to free glucose
- storage and release of calcium
Golgi apparatus
Processing and distribution of newly synthesized proteins
Peroxisomes
- neutralize toxins, mainly free radicals (highly reactive materials that are natural byproduct of cellular metabolism
- breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids
Lysosomes
- Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acidic hydrolases)
- degrade nonfunctional organelles
- intercellular release in injured cells causes cell to digest themselves (autolysis)
Epithelial tissue
A sheet of cells that cover body surfaces or cavities
- covering and lining epithelial
- glandular epithelial
- special characteristics: polarity, specialized contracts, supported by connective tissues, vascular but innervated, regeneration
Simple squamous
- One layer of flat cells
- found in lungs, heart lining, blood vessels, etc
Simple cuboidal
- one layer of squares like cells
- secretion and absorption
- kidney tubules, small glands, ovary surface, etc
Simple columnar
- one layer of long rectangular cells
- absorption and secretion of mucus
- digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts, uterus, etc
Pseudostratisfied columnar
- one layer of cells of differing lengths
- secret mucus, ciliary action
- found in teachers and most of upper respiratory tract, non-ciliates type in male down-carrying ducts, ducts of large glands, etc
Stratified squamous
- Multiple layers of flat cells
- protects underlying from abrasion
- esophagus, mouth, vagina, keratenized version form epidemic of the skin
Stratified cuboidal
- quite rare
Two or more layers of square shaped cells - sweat and Mandy glands
Stratified columnar
- Quite rare
Usually occurs at a transition area between two other types of epithelial - pharynx, make urethra, lining off some glandular ducts
- Only apical layer is columnar
Transitional epithelial
- Both stratified squamous and stratified columnar; surface cells done or squamous shaped
- stretches readily
- ureters, bladder, parts of urethra
Glandular epithelial
Exocrine and endocrine glands
- epithelial she creates a ducts cell passage for exocrine glands
- endocrine glands lose ducts during development (only endocrine have blood vessels)
Modes of secretion
Merocrine - secrete products by exocytosis in secretory vesicles
Holocrine - secrete products in cell fragments by rupturing the cell
Types of connective tissues proper
Loose connective tissue - arteriolar, adipose, reticular
Dense connective tissue- regular, irregular, elastic
Types of cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Macrophages
Phagocytize cells that eat dead cells
Mast cells
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms
Cutaneous membrane
- Aka skin
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial (epidermis) attached to Rick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
- A dry membrane
Mucus membrane
- mucosa indicated location not cell type
- epithelial sheer lies over layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propria
- may secrete mucus
Serous membranes
- closed central body cavities
- simple squamous resting on areolar connective tissue
- visceral serosae cover internal organs
Keratinocytes
- Fibrous keratin
- Major cells of epidermis
- tightly connected by desmosomes
Melanocytes
- spider shaped cells located deep in the epidermis
- produce melanin pigment packaged into melanosomes
Dendritic cells
- aka langerhans cells
- start shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis
- Key activators of immune system
Tactile cells
- aka Merkel cells
- Sensory receptors that sense touch
Five skin layers
(In order inside to outside)
1) stratum basalt
2) stratum spinous
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)
5) stratum corneum
Layers is dermis
Papillary - areolar connective tissue with interlacing collagen, elastic fibres, and blood cells
Reticular - dense fibrous connective tissue, makes up about 80% of dermis, responsible for flexure lines
Skin colour
Caused by melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
Hair
- Dead keratinized cells
- warn off insects, protects skin from heat loss and sun
- structure - medulla, cortex, cuticle
Types of sweat glands
Eccrine - aka merocrine, most numerous, thermoregulation, regulated by sympathetic nervous system
Apocrine - secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat, smells
Modified apocrine glands
Ceruminous glands - lining of external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax)
Mammary glands - secretes milk
Moll glands - by eyelids, tear ducts?
Hyaline cartilage
- provides support, flexibility and resilience
- most abundant type
- Includes NARC (nasal, Articulate, respiratory, costal)
Elastic cartilage
- contains elastic fibres
- only in external ear and epiglottis
- elastin
Firbocartilage
- thick collagen with great tensile strength
Roughly parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibres - Areas of high pressure and stretch - pubic symphysis and menisci
Trabecular
Bone marrow
Facet
Smooth, Nearly flat articulated surface
Condyle
Rounded articulate projection, often has corresponding fossa
Fissure
Narrow, split-like opening
Foremen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Meatus
Canal-like passageway
Sinus
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Fossa
Shallow, basin-like depression in a bone
Mesenchymal stem cell
- Develops into other cells types
- aka osteoprogenitor or osterogenic cells
Differentiate into osteoblasts or bone lining cells
Osteoblasts
- Bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
- actively Mitotic
Osteocyte
Marie bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
Bone lining cells
-Flat cells on bone surface that help maintain matrix
-periosteal and endosteal cells
Osteoclasts
- function in bone reabsorption
- located in reabsorption bays
Osteon
- Haversian system
- Part of compact bone
- osteon cylinders consist of several rings of bone called lamellae which contain collagen fibres
