Part 1 Flashcards by Kathryn Allyson

is a series of critical
actions that, when followed correctly, can
decrease the mortality associated with
cardiac arrest.

The Chain of Survival

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Adult IHCA Chain of Survival

Early Recognition and Prevention
Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Defibrillation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery

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Adult OHCA Chain of Survival

Activation of Emergency Response
High-Quality CPR
Defibrillation
Advanced Resuscitation
Post-Cardiac Arrest Care
Recovery

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differs based on
whether the cardiac arrest occurs inhospital or out-of-hospital.

Chain of Survival

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a life-saving emergency procedure
that combines chest compressions and
artificial ventilation to maintain circulatory
flow and oxygenation during cardiac arrest.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

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can significantly
increase the chances of survival
and reduce the risk of permanent
brain damage in individuals
suffering from cardiac arrest.

Immediate CPR

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Main Components of CPR

Chest Compressions
Airway Management
Rescue Breathing

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Main Components of CPR
- A life-saving manual intervention where
rhythmic pressure is applied downwards
onto the victim’s chest to maintain blood
circulation during cardiac arrest.

Chest Compressions

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Main Components of CPR
- Helps circulate oxygenated blood to vital
organs, especially the brain and heart,
when the heart’s natural pumping action is
halted or ineffective.

Chest Compressions

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Main Components of CPR
- The process of ensuring a clear and open
passage for air to enter the lungs, which
may involve techniques to prevent or
relieve obstructions.

Airway Management

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Main Components of CPR
- Maintaining an open airway is paramount in
ensuring adequate oxygenation and
ventilation, particularly during respiratory or
cardiac emergencies.

Airway Management

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Main Components of CPR
- Administering breaths to a person who is
not breathing or breathing inadequately.
This involves exhaling into the person’s
mouth or nose to provide them with
oxygen

Rescue Breathing

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Main Components of CPR
- Supplies oxygen to the lungs, which gets
circulated to vital organs by effective chest
compressions.

Rescue Breathing

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When To Start CPR (3)

If you see a victim who is:
• Unconscious/Unresponsive
• Not breathing or has no normal breathing
(only gasping)
• No definite pulse

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When Not to Start CPR (5)

All victims of cardiac arrest should receive CPR
unless:
• Patient has a valid DNAR (Do Not Attempt
Resuscitation) order.
• Patient has signs of irreversible death
(Rigor Mortis, Decapitation, Dependent
Lividity).
• No physiological benefit can be expected
because the vital functions have deteriorated as in septic or cardiogenic
shock.
• Confirmed gestation of < 23 weeks or birth
weight < 400 grams, anencephaly.
• Attempts to perform CPR would place the
rescuer at risk of physical injury

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When To Stop CPR? (6)

• Spontaneous signs of circulation are
restored
• Turned over to medical services or properly
trained and authorized personnel
• Operator is already exhausted and cannot
continue CPR
• Physician assumes responsibility (declares
death, takes over, etc.)
• Scene becomes unsafe (such as traffic,
impending or ongoing violence-gun fires,
etc.)
• Signed waiver to stop CPR

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The C-A-B

• Compressions
• Airway
• Breathing

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The C-A-B Core Concept

Oxygen to the Brain

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create blood flow by
increasing intra-thoracic pressure and
directly compress the heart, generating
blood flow and oxygen delivery to the
myocardium and brain.

Compressions

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a forceful rhythmic pressing
on the lower half of the sternum, stimulates
the heart’s pumping action, mimicking the
circulation of an actively beating heart.

Compressions

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Compressions
- If an individual is _, _, _, and _, assuming no circulation is
crucial.

unresponsive
not
breathing
not moving
has poor skin color (cyanotic)

It’s the hopeful
outcome of CPR-a sign that the heart has
started to beat and circulate blood,
essentially a sign of life.

Achieving Return of Spontaneous
Circulation (ROSC)

Factors that Improve the Efficacy of Chest
Compressions

❖ Adequate Depth
❖ Complete Recoil
❖ Firm Surface
❖ Minimal Interruptions

Position of the Victim
- Place the victim faceup on a firm,
flat surface like the _ or
_.

floor
backboard

Position of the Victim - On softer surfaces like _, chest compressions force the victim’s body to sink in, reducing effectiveness.

mattresses

Compression to Ventilation Ratio

30:2

Compression Rate

100-120 per minute

Compression Depth

Atleast 2 inches (5 cm) but should not exceed 2.4 inches (6 cm)

Chest Recoil - Ensure _ chest reexpansion after each compression to _ blood flow.

complete maximize

Chest Recoil - Avoid _ & maintain equal times for compression and recoil.

leaning

Minimizing Interruptions - Aim for a _ of 80% for best outcomes.

Chest Compression Fraction (CCF)

Minimizing Interruptions - Only move victims if there’s a _ or _

direct threat CPR inefficacy

involves techniques and interventions designed to ensure an unobstructed pathway for air to enter the lungs

Airway management

This process is crucial to facilitate spontaneous breathing or the delivery of mouth-to-mouth breaths during CPR.

Airway Opening

Airway Opening Maneuvers (2)

Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift Maneuver Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

Airway Opening Maneuvers - “Place one of your hands on the patient’s forehead, and place the other hand beneath the chin, just under the bony part of the jaw

Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift Maneuver

Airway Opening Maneuvers - With the first hand, tilt the patient’s head backward. • Simultaneously, lift the lower jaw and draw the chin forward with the other hand.

Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift Maneuver

Airway Opening Maneuvers - Ensure that you do not press too hard on the chin soft tissues; this might reflexively block the airway

Head-Tilt/Chin-Lift Maneuver

Airway Opening Maneuvers - This maneuver is preferred when the patient has a suspected head or neck injury. It avoids disturbing the cervical spine region.

Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

Airway Opening Maneuvers - To perform this maneuver, position yourself behind the patient. • Rest your elbows on the firm surface on either side of the patient’s head. • Position your fingers under the patient’s lower jaw, just behind the angle of the jaw. • Lift the jaw manually with both hands to thrust the jaw forward.

Jaw-Thrust Maneuver

Delivering breaths to a person who is not breathing or breathing inadequately, either through mouth-to-mouth or using devices.

Breathing

Supplies the lungs with oxygen, which, when combined with chest compressions, ensures oxygenated blood reaches vital organs.

Breathing

When to give rescue breaths (2)

• When the patient is unresponsive, has a pulse, and is either gasping ineffectively or not breathing. • When two rescuers are available on the scene immediately after cardiac arrest. One rescuer can focus on chest compressions while the other carries out rescue breathing.

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths (3)

Face Shield Pocket Masks Bag Valve Mask

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - This flat, plastic sheet can be placed over the patient’s mouth and nose.

Face Shield

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - It usually has a hole in the center through which air can be blown.

Face Shield

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - The hole is fitted with a one-way valve or filter to prevent the backflow of air and fluid.

Face Shield

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - Healthcare professionals and emergency responders usually use this.

Pocket Masks

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - This pear-shaped mask can be placed directly over the patient’s nose and mouth to achieve a tight seal.

Pocket Masks

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - is a device that delivers air under positive pressure into the lungs

Bag Valve Mask

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - The bag-mask device delivers 21% oxygen (typical room air level), superior to the 17% in exhaled air.

Bag Valve Mask

Devices Used in Giving Rescue Breaths - It can also be connected to an oxygen supply, delivering a higher percentage of oxygen.

Bag Valve Mask