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Biology 106: Part 1 - Exam #3 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The earliest split in the tree of life gave rise to two domains of ___ and ___.

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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2
Q

Name the third domain that arose through contributions from both bacteria and archaea

A

Eukarya

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3
Q

Which two domains are prokaryotic

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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4
Q

What domain is eukaryotic

A

eukarya

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5
Q

We know that bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic and differ from eukaryotic organisms. Give three examples as to how they are different.

A
  • do not divide by mitosis
  • circular dna
  • no membrane bound organelles
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6
Q

Name the 5 general structures

A

plasma membrane
cell wall
cytoplasm
chromosome
plasmid
ribosomes

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7
Q

Describe the Plasma Membrane

A

The outer layer of phospholipids and various other substances. It also regulates what goes in and what goes out

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8
Q

Describe: Cell Wall

A

a rigid layer of polysaccharides (sugars) outside the plasma membrane

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9
Q

Describe: Cytoplasm

A

all the contents inside the cell

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10
Q

Describe: Chromosome

A

Circular piece of genetic information (DNA). The chromosome is located in the nucleoid region

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11
Q

Describe: Plasmid

A

small, accessory (not required under normal conditions) DNA molecules

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12
Q

Describe: Ribosomes

A

synthesize proteins

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13
Q

True or False: Different species of bacteria (and archaea) are very diverse

A

True

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14
Q

Give 3 examples as to how species of bacteria (and archaea) are diverse

A
  • gene transfer
  • morphology
  • metabolism
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15
Q

Define: extremophiles

A

They thrive under extreme conditions that would kill most other organisms

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16
Q

What domain lineages are extremophiles

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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17
Q

Define: Thermophiles

A

Can survive extreme cold or hot temperatures. They are also resistant to radiation and can degrade nuclear waste and other toxic materials

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18
Q

Define: Halophiles

A

can survive in highly salinity environments

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19
Q

How does Bacteria divide

A

Bacteria divide by binary fission. Where no mitosis is necessary, and genetic diversity arises from LATERAL/HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

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20
Q

What is Lateral/ Horizontal Gene Transfer

A

It is the movement of genetic material without reproduction (vertical gene transfer). Moreover, there 3 types

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21
Q

Name the three types of lateral horizontal gene transfer

A
  • transformation
  • transduction
  • conjugation
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22
Q

Define Transformation

A

the uptake of DNA from the environment

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23
Q

Define: Transduction

A

transfer of DNA by virus

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24
Q

Define: Conjugation

A

The transfer of DNA by direct cell-to-cell contact. which leads to plasmid or chromosomal recombination

25
Q

In prokaryotic characteristics, Morphological diversity includes the following:

A

shape, arrangement, cell wall composition, capsule, endospore, and internal membrane folds

26
Q

Name the 3 shapes that can be present in morphological diversity in prokaryotes

A
  • spheres = coccus (cocci)
  • Rods = bacillus (bacilli)
  • Spirals (spirilia/spirochaete/ vibrio)
27
Q

Name the 2 types of arrangements in morphological diversity in prokaryotes

A
  • chains = strep
  • clusters = staph
28
Q

Describe the two types of cell wall composition in morphological diversity in prokaryotes

A

1.) Archaea have unique phospholipids in their plasma membranes

2.) Bacteria have PEPTIDOGLYCAN in their cell walls. Moreover, the GRAM STAIN is a technique that can be used to separate most types of bacteria into two distinct groups

  • Bacteria soaked in a violet dye then treated with iodine; washed, then treated with a red dye
  • Gram-positive bacteria will retain the violet dye and appear blue to purple
  • Gram-negative bacteria will appear pink to red
29
Q

What is a capsule in morphological diversity (prokaryotes)

A

A sticky outermost layer made of polysaccharides (sugar) or proteins. This is found in many but not all, prokaryotes. Moreover, its functions are as follows: it facilitates adhesion, which is the ability to stick to other prokaryotes or environments. It can also lead to biofilms, which are dense colonies of microorganisms covered in matrix for protection

30
Q

What is an endospore in morphological diversity in prokaryotes?

A

An endospore is a tough, thick-walled, dormant structure. Gram-positive bacteria formed during times of environmental stress. Moreover, it will also revive when conditions improve. Endospores also contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

31
Q

What is a internal membrane folds in prokaryotes characteristics

A

Some prokaryotes have highly folded membranes to increase the surface are for the process such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis. However, they are not considered true organelles

32
Q

Define metabolic diversity in prokaryotes

A

Metabolic diversity in prokaryotes is an energy acquisition method to produce ATP using phototrophs, chemoorganotrophs, and chemolithotrophs. Secondly, it also involves carbon acquisition methods to produce organic compounds such as auto trophs and heterotrophs

33
Q

Define what a phototrophs is and its process

A

Phototrophs utilize light energy, and their process is photophosphorylation

34
Q

define chemoorganotrophs and its process

A

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize molecules with high energy, such as sugars. Its process is cellular respiration

35
Q

define chemolithotrophs and its process

A

Chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic molecules with high energy, such as ammonia. Its process is cellular respiration

36
Q

We know that prokaryotes led the way to oxygen production. Name the organism that led to oxygen production

A

Cyanobacteria were the first organisms to perform photosynthesis that produced oxygen about 2.7 - 2.5 bya. Moreover, oxygen concentrations in the oceans and atmosphere began to increase about 2.3 - 2.1 bya

37
Q

True or False: Prokaryotes are involved in nitrogen fixation

A

True

38
Q

What is nitrogen fixation, and what two organisms are capable of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia.

A

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds. Moreover, bacteria and archaea are the only organisms capable of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia. It is also important to note that most living organisms must obtain nitrogen in a form such as ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3)

39
Q

True or False: Microbiomes do not involve prokaryotes

A

False, they do

40
Q

What are microbiomes

A

Microbiomes are communities of bacteria and archaea that live in and on human bodies. This happens because thousands of diverse bacterial species are adapted to grow in or on various parts of the body. This then leads to each “subcommunity” being characterized by a site-specific assemblage of many distinct species.

41
Q

Why is bacteria important to the medical field

A

Bacteria is important to the media field because it involves pathogens

42
Q

What are pathogens

A

Pathogens are a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause a disease.

43
Q

Why are pathogens a negative concept

A

Pathogens are a negative factor because they can lead to the ability to cause disease, and this is a heritable trait that varies among individuals in a population. For example, pathogenic E coli have genes coding for a protein toxin, but most E coli are harmless.

44
Q

Why does only a small fraction of bacteria cause diseases

A

There are 2 reasons. One is that there are no clear examples of archaeal pathogens. Secondly, pathogenic bacteria belong to almost all major lineages, such as firmicutes, spirochetes, chlamydias, and proteobacteria

45
Q

Define: Firmicutes

A

Firmicutes are pathogenic bacteria that are mostly Gram-positive. However, some are gram-negative, and some lack cell walls. They are also one of the smallest cellular organisms

46
Q

Give an example for the pathogenic bacteria, Firmicutes

A

An example of a firmicute is the staphylococci which are abundant on the human body surface. However, there are two kinds of staphylococci. There is the staphylococcus aureus - responsible for boils and many other skin problems, and theres streptococcus pyogenes - causes strep throat and other skin infections

47
Q

Name a second type of pathogenic bacteria

A

Spirochetes

48
Q

What are spirochetes

A

Spirochetes are a type of pathogenic bacteria. They are also gram-negative, motile bacteria. Thus, they are also characterized by a unique structure called an axial filament, composed of multiple internal flagella, allowing for corkscrew-like movement. These are also known as parasites which are most likely found in humans, and they can cause diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease.

49
Q

What is the 3rd type of pathogenic bacteria

A

Proteobacteria are a type of pathogenic bacteria and are large and diverse groups. Secondly, they are one of the largest bacterial group in terms of numbers of described species

50
Q

Give an example of a proteobacteria

A

Escherichia coli - one of the most studied organism on earth, which can cause food poisoning

Salmonella typhimurium - causes gastrointesinal disease

51
Q

How can we control the growth and effectiveness of pathogenic bacteria

A

We can control the growth and effectiveness of pathogenic bacteria by using various substances and chemicals. Such as antibiotics, antiseptics, and disinfectants

52
Q

Define Antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are substances that kill and inhibit the growth and development of bacteria. However, they are only effective against bacteria and useless against viruses and fungi. Moreover, they are usually taken orally, but there are severer cases where injections are needed

53
Q

Define Antiseptics

A

Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances applied to living tissue to reduce the possibility of infection. Antiseptics are effective against a wide variety of microorganisms. However, they do not necessarily kill microbes. Moreover, they are applied topically.

54
Q

Define Disinfectants

A

Disinfectants are chemical substances used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms. However, they may not kill certain microbes, and they are only applied to inanimate objects

55
Q

We know that now Archaea and Bacteria are not the same groups. However, what was the reason why in the past, they believed that archaea were a distinct group of bacteria?

A

The original identification of archaea as a group distinct from bacteria was based on phylogenetic relationships determined from rRNA gene sequences

56
Q

What type of environments do Archaea live in

A

Archaea are known for living in extreme habitats such as those with high salinity (salt content), low oxygen concentrations, high temperatures, or high or low pH. Moreover, many are not extremophiles and are common in soil, aquatic environments, and in the guts of animals

57
Q

The domain Eukarya contains what domains

A

protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia. All of these are eukaryotic organisms. However, they are not all multicellular

58
Q

Explain the differences in eukaryotic cells in comparison to prokaryotic

A

Eukaryotic cells are larger, have linear DNA (many chromosomes), true organelles (mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic, reticulum, etc), and have larger ribosomes. They also utilize mitosis and meiosis.

59
Q

What are 3 fa

A

Biology 106: Part 1 - Exam #3 (1 decks)

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