PART 1 Flashcards
How many sperm do you need to get pregnant?
ilan ba puke mo (1)
On average, each time men ejaculate they release nearly how many?
100 million sperm
Normal sperm densities range from _______ to greater than ________ sperm per milliliter of semen
15 million, 200 million
full term of pregnancy in weeks and days
38-42 weeks or 266 days
1st trimester (weeks)
0-12
2nd trimester (weeks)
13-26
3rd trimester (weeks)
27-32
You are considered to have a low sperm count if you have fewer than _________ per milliliter or less than ________ total per ejaculate
15 million sperm, 39 million sperm
semen is also called
seminal fluid
Fluid that is eliminated from the male reproductive tract and that contains sperm cells which are capable of fertilizing the female’s eggs
semen
Semen also contains liquids that combine to form _________ which helps keep the sperm cells viable
seminal plasma
Pregnancy is also called as
gestation
It is the condition of having a developing
embryo and later a fetus within the
uterine environment after the union of an
ovum and a sperm.
pregnancy
the purpose of which is
to prepare an ovum for fertilization by
sperm and the uterus for implantation of a
fertilized egg.
menstrual cycle
Menstrual cycles are ___ days long on
average.
28
First 14 days
follicular phase
Last 14 days
luteral phase
is the release of eggs from the ovaries
also known as the fertile stage
Ovulation
ovulation occurs when the ovarian follicles rupture and release the secondary _____________ cells
oocytes ovarian
After ovulation, during the ________, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm
luteal phase
what happens during the follicular phase?
estrogen stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) which causes the pituitary gland to release:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prompts the growth of _____ follicles in the surface of the ovary. It stimulates the production of estrogen by the cells within the follicles
6-20
Both ______ and ______ stimulate the growth and maturation of the follicles
estrogen, FSH
On day 14 of the menstrual cycle, blood levels of ____ and ___ peak.
FSH, LH
roughly spheroid cellular aggregation set found in the ovaries
Ovarian follicle
Women begin puberty with about ________ follicles, each with the potential to release an egg cell (ovum) at ovulation for fertilization
400,000
cause the cells within the follicles to secrete progesterone
Luteinizing hormone
______ and _______ promt endometrium (uterine wall) to store nutrients and expand the growth of blood vessels and connective tissues
fuq: baquette
Estrogen, progesterone
to store nutrients, ready the uterus for possible pregnancy
begins after ovulation
Luteal phase
develops from the follicle that contained the ovum
his tissue secretes large amounts of progesterone and estrogen - further develops the endometrium
Corpus Luteum
what happens if the egg isn’t fertilized
- The production of hormones by the corpus luteum declines, and blood levels of progesterone and estrogen fall
- GnRH is able to stimulate FSH and LH for the next cycle
- Blood vessels in the endometrium constrict, allowing the uterine wall to release its outer layer in the menstrual flow.
- If hindi fertilize and nagka mens, that’s menstruation
what happens if the egg is fertilized
The ovum will implant in the lining of the uterus within 8 to 10 days
(although di naiimplant lahat)
Approximately ________ ova or primordial follicles are formed during early fetal development
7 million
During a woman’s fertile years, only ______ ova will mature and be released for possible fertilization
400-500
degeneration of those ovarian follicles which do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle
the rest are lost in a process called
atresia
At birth, approximately _______ of eggs are produced and during the time of puberty, only about ______ will remain. Out of these, only ____ to ____ will be ovulated during a woman’s reproductive lifetime
1 million
300,000
300 to 400
what happens during fraternal pregnancy
A fraternal twin pregnancy will happen when two eggs are released during ovulation, and if both eggs are fertilized. Most of the time, only one egg is released during ovulation. It is also possible that the ovaries will release two eggs at once.
what happens during identical pregnancy
To form identical or monozygotic twins, one fertilized egg (ovum) splits and develops into two babies with exactly the same genetic information. On the other hand, to form fraternal or dizygotic twins, two eggs (ova) are fertilized by two sperm to produce two genetically unique children
The ______________ are two tubes where the eggs travel through from the ovaries to the uterus. Each month, during a process called ovulation, one of the ovaries releases an egg that travels down one of the fallopian tubes, where it may or may not be fertilized by a sperm.
fallopian tubes
physiologogical stages
implantation
organogenesis
growth
develops from the follicle that contained the ovum
Corpus Luteum
the stage of pregnancy at which the embryo adheres to the wall of the uterus and starts to develop. Occurs during the first 2 weeks of gestation.
Implantation
A newly fertilized ovum is called ________. Less than 1 week of fertilization.
zygote
embryo undergoes rapid cell division. Generally completed 60 days after conception
Organogenesis
A newly fertilized ovum is called a zygote. Less than 1 week after fertilization, the cell has rapidly divided multiple times to become a ______ ready for implantation
.
blastocyst
After implantation, the placenta develops and
begins to provide nourishment to the developing ________
embryo
The ______ continues to grow during
the next 7 months. Each organ
grows to maturity according to its
own schedule, with greater intensity
at some times than at others.
fetus
remaining seven months characterized
by growth in the number of cells and size of
organs until it can support extra-uterine life.
Growth (7 months)
times of intense development and rapid cell division.
Critical period –
The word placenta
came from the latin
word for
cake
“_______” in the sense that these cellular
activities can occur only at those times.
The development of each organ and tissue
is most vulnerable to adverse influences
(such as nutrient deficiencies) during its
own critical period.
Critical/Critical period
Development of the placenta precedes ________
fetal development.
what happens to the placenta by week 12
By week 12, the placenta is formed. It will
be responsible for the nourishment of the
baby. It continues to grow throughout
pregnancy. It is considered mature by 34
weeks. Under normal conditions,
the placenta will attach to the wall of the
uterus.
What is the role of the placenta
A disc shaped organ through which nutrients,
oxygen, and waste products can be
exchanged in the fetus. It is also the
principal site of production of several
hormones that regulate maternal growth and
development.
1st trimester weight gain
4.4 pounds
Placental transport mechanisms
passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
Endocytosis
Substances transported by passive diffusion
Water, oxygen, CO2, fatty
acids, glucose, vitamins E
and K, sodium, chloride
Substances transported by Facilitated diffusion
Most monosaccharides
Substances transported by active diffusion
Amino acids, calcium, iron, iodine, phosphate, water soluble vitamins
Substances transported by endocytosis
Immunoglobulins(glycoprotein
molecules produced by WHC)
What is facilitated diffusion
is a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient, guided by the presence of another molecule – usually an integral membrane protein forming a pore or channel. Facilitated diffusion is the passive movement of molecules
across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein
What is diffusion
Diffusion is a passive process of transport. A single substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
until the concentration is equal across the space
What is active transport
In cellular biology, active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
what is endocytosis
is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell.
The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane,
which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested
material. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
All women need to _______ during
pregnancy. It is a physiological result to
foster fetal growth and maternal health.
gain weight
__________ during pregnancy is
closely related to the birth weight of the
infant which is a strong predictor of
health and future development.
Maternal weight gain
Underweight women (BMI _____) have a
high risk of having a low birth weight
infant (_____ g), pre term infant (born
before 38 weeks) and higher infant
mortality rates.
<18.5
<2500
Underweight women need to gain weight _____
conception and gain extra pounds during
pregnancy.
before
Overweight women (BMI____ are at
high risk for complications such as
hypertension, gestational diabetes,
and postpartum infections.
> 25.0
Infants of overweight mothers are likely
to be born post-term and weigh more
than 9 lbs is called
Macrosomia
also known as childbed fever and puerperal fever,
are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage.
Postpartum
infections,
why should extra weight during pregnancy be
avoided.
Too much weight gain has been
associated with pregnancy complications,
including cesarean delivery and later
obesity.
Women tend to lose about ____ pounds the day of delivery, but subsequent weight loss is highly
variable.
15
The two factors that determine calorie
requirements are
(1) the mother’s usual
physical activity and (2) the increase in
metabolic rate to support the growth
required for growth of the fetus and
accessory organs.
The cumulative cost of this extra work is
________ calories. This translates into about
+300 calories per day
80,000
Normal requirement may be based on _____
and _______ with additional 300
2nd 3rd kcal for the and trimester of
pregnancy.
age
physical activity
This increase is needed to support the
growth of the uterus, the breast, the
fetus, increase in blood volume, and the
buildup of storage fat.
energy
The PDRI recommends an additional
________of protein per day
throughout the pregnancy.
27 g
This nutrient is essential as it forms the
structural basis for all new cells and
tissues in the mother and fetus.
protein
THESE ARE PROTEINS THAT
SUPPORT GROWTH AND MAINTAIN
LIFE?
Complete proteins
Lack of protein, usually accompanied with
calorie deficiency, leads to ______
birth weight and greater incidence of ________
decreased
preeclampsia.
