Part 1 Flashcards
What are the key features of O2?`
Abundance and Electronegativity
How is biocomplexity linked with atmospheric oxygen?
Increases in atmospheric oxygen is associated with an increase in organism complexity
Polar Gigantism
Trend of animals to be larger at higher latitudes and smaller at higher altitudes and there is a correlation between maximum body length and oxygen content (Benthic amphipod crustaceans)
Insect Gigantism
Rise and fall in atmospheric oxygen coincide with the rise and fall of the size of insects
Oxygen In corporation into Membrane Proteins
Eukaryotic cells with compartments
Romer’s Gap
15-million year decline in vertebrate colonization (fossil records)
Climate Change
Warming - increases oxygen metabolism and decreases it’s solubility in water
What is the aetiology of complex diseases closely associated with?
Oxygen Metabolism
VO2 Max (Maximal oxygen uptake)
Maximal rate of oxygen utilization by exercising muscles
How is VO2 Max measured?
Exercise stress test
Why do you test for VO2 max?
Assess physical fitness, diagnosing and assessing IHD, developing an exercise prescription, and identify patients who may have difficulty performing various functional tasks.
What is VO2 max associated with?
Muscle strength
T or F : VO2 increases with age
F - it decreases with age, about 1% per year after 30 years
What are determinants of endurance performance
VO2max, Capillary density, Level of aerobic enzymes, mitochondrial size and number, muscle fibre type
What does VO2 max represent?
A fundamental measure of physiologic functional capacity for exercise
Maximal oxygen consumption tests
Treadmill, running, walking, swimming, rowing, skating
How long do consumption tests usually last?
3-5 minutes supramaximal effort or progressive increments of effort - termination of test influenced by motivational factors that do not necessarily reflect physiological strain
How many types of VO2max tests protocols are there?
2 - Continuous and Discontinuous
Continuous
Progressively increasing exercise increments with recovery or rest intervals
Continuous part 2
also provides a practical test of aerobic capacity for most healthy individuals - 8-10 min
Discontinuous
Progressively increasing exercise increments interspersed with recovery intervals - 65 min
What are factors that affect maximal oxygen consumption?
Mode of exercise
Heredity
State of training
Gender
Body size
Age
Intensity vs MET value
1.1-2.9 = Light
3.0-5.9 = Moderate
Greater than 8 = Vigorous
Calculating MET-Minutes/Week
30 min x 5 MET = 150 MET minutes
150 MET minutes per day x 5 days per week = 750 MET minutes per week ^-1
Sedentary Behaviour (movement)
Any waking behaviour that is characterized by an energy expenditure less than 1.5 metabolic equivalents and a sitting or reclining posture
Physical Activity
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that result in an energy expenditure above the resting level (over 1.6 metabolic units)
Physical Inactivity
Absence of physical activity or exercise that fails to meet the standard recommendations for health
Physical Activity vs Exercise
PA: Any movement carried out throughout the dat
E: A specific prescribed physical activity designed for enhancement in a specific physical or mental health parameter
Laboratory vs Field
L: Controlled
F: Uncontrolled
What are the types of quantitative research?
Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental
Descriptive Research
Describe different phenomenon but not how and why
Correlational Research
Relationship between variables
Experimental Research
Majority of studies in exercise science are experimental
Independent Variables
Held constant and define contact and conditions of experiment
Dependent Variables
Measurements responding to changes in the independent variables
Activity Recommendations
30 min moderate to vigorous activity (WHO)
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology
150 min of moderate intensity activity/week
90 min of vigorous activity per week
Resistance 2 days per week
Flexibility exercise 4-7 days per week
Heart and Stroke
10,000 Steps a day
ACSM
150 min moderate activity per week
Paradigm
A system of beliefs, ideas, values, and habits that is a way of thinking about the real world
Bus Driver vs Heart Conductor
Drivers - 2 x more likely to get CV disease
Drivers - < 50 yrs, 4 x greater incidence of sudden cardiac death
Drivers – increased adiposity and higher serum lipids
True or False:
Men in physically active jobs have a lower incidence and severity of CHD than those in inactive jobs.
True
Harvard Alumni Study
Examined the lifestyle and exercise habits of ~13,485 men (Harvard Alumni).
Reduced death risk for participation in regular exercise (walking, stair climbing,
sports/recreational activity)
< 4 METs no effect
4 – 6 METs somewhat beneficial
> 6 METS lower mortality rates
