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Unit 5 - 631 > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to all solid or liquid wastes generated by any of the ff activities:

A

• Research pertaining to diagnosis, treatment, and
immunization of humans;

• Research using laboratory animals geared towards improvement of human health;

• Production and testing of biological products;

• Other activities performed by a healthcare facility that generates wastes.

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2
Q

It is a by-product of healthcare that includes hsarps, non-sharps, blood, body parts, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical devices and radioactive materials.

A

Health Care Wastes

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3
Q

These are the ones who generate waste also called
“Health Care Waste Generators”

8

A

• Hospitals and medical centers;
• Infirmaries;
• Birthing homes;
• Clinics and other health-related facilities
• Laboratories and research centers;
• Drug manufacturers;
• Institutions
• Mortuary and autopsy centers

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4
Q

2 Categorization of Healthcare Wastes

A

Hazardous
Non-Hazardous (General)

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5
Q

It can be further classified into:
• Sharps
• Infectious
• Pathological
• Anatomical
• Pharmaceutical
• Genotoxic
• Chemical
• Readioactive
• Pressurized Containers

A

Hazardous

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6
Q

Under Hazardous, what are those?

9

A

• Sharps
• Infectious
• Pathological
• Anatomical
• Pharmaceutical
• Genotoxic
• Chemical
• Readioactive
• Pressurized Containers

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7
Q

These are the:
• Recyclable
• Biodegradable
• Residual

A

Non- Hazardous (General)

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8
Q

it refers to waste that may pose a variety of environmental and health risks

A

Hazardous Healthcare Wastes

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9
Q

Classification of Hazardous Waste as per DENR Adminitrative Order No. 2013-22:

Waste with Cyanide

what waste number?

A

A101

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10
Q

Acid Wastes

what waste number?

A

B201 - B299

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11
Q

Alkali Wastes

what waste number?

A

C301 - C399

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12
Q

Waste with Inorganic CHemicals

what waste number?

A

D401 - D499

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13
Q

Reactive Chemical Waste

what waste number?

A

E501 - E599

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14
Q

Inks, dyes, pigments, paint, resins, latex, adhesive, organic sludge

what waste number?

A

F601 - F699

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15
Q

Waste Organic Solvents

what waste number?

A

G703 - G704

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16
Q

Organic Waste

what waste number?

A

H802

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17
Q

Oil

what waste number?

A

I101 - I104

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18
Q

Containers

what waste number?

A

J201

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19
Q

Stabilized Waste

what waste number?

A

K301 - K303

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20
Q

Organic Chemicals

what waste number?

A

L401-L404

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21
Q

Miscellaneous Wastes

what waste number?

A

M501 - M507

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22
Q

Healthcare Waste fall under what sub-classification Miscellaneous Waste (Class M)?

A

Pathological or Infectious Waste (Waste No. M501)
Pharmaceuticals and Drugs (Waste No. M503)

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23
Q

It is a sub-classification of Class M

It includes health care wastes from hospitals, medical centers, colinics containing PATHOLOGICAL, PHATOGENIC, and INFECTIOUS WASTE, SHARPS and others

A

Pathological or Infectious Waste (Waste No. M501)

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24
Q

It is a sub-classification of Class M

where expired pharmaceuticals and drugs stocked at producers and retailer’ facilities which contains HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS HARMFUL to the environment such as ANTIBIOTICS, VETERINARY and PHYTOPHARMACEUTICALS, and others.

A

Pharmaceuticals and Drugs (Waste No. M503)

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25
Q

A101

A

Waste with Cyanide

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26
Q

B201 - B299

A

Acid Wastes

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27
Q

C301 - C399

A

Alkali Wastes

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28
Q

D401 - D499

A

Wastes with Inorganic Chemicals

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29
Q

E501 - E599

A

Reactive Chemical Wastes

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30
Q

F601 - F699

A

Inks, Dyes, Pigments, Paint, Resins, Latex, Adhesive, Organic Sludge

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31
Q

G703 - G704

A

Waste Organic Solvents

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32
Q

H8802

A

Organic Wastes

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33
Q

I101 - I104

A

Oil

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34
Q

J201

A

Containers

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35
Q

K301 - K303

A

Stabilized Wastes

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36
Q

L401 - L404

A

Organic Chemicals

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37
Q

M501 to M507

A

Miscellaneous Wastes

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38
Q

Refers to ALL wastes suspected to contain pathogens or TOXINS

ex.
discarded microbial culture, sputum cups, urine containers etc.

What Waste Category?

A

Infectious

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39
Q

Refers to tissue sections and body fluids or organs derived from biopsies, autopsies or SX procedures sent to lab afor examination

ex. Amputated limbs, surgical pathology samples

What Waste Category?

A

Pathological and Anatomical

40
Q

Refers to waste items that can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds. MOST DANGEROUS HCW.

ex. Syringes in phlebotomy, blood lancetss, broken glasswares

What Waste Category?

A

Sharps

41
Q

Refers to discarded chemicals generated during disinfectetion and sterilization procedure

ex. Acid, Bases, Metals etc

What Waste Category?

A

Chemical Wastes

42
Q

Refers to expired, split and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, vaccines etc.

ex. Empty drug vials, medicine bottles, syringes, needles and vials

A

Pharmaceutical Wastes

43
Q

Waste exposed to radionucleotides incldg. radioactive diagnotic materials

ex. waste contaminated with ionizing radiation such as cobalt, iodine, and iridium

What Waste Category?

A

Radioactive Waste

44
Q

Waste with mutagenic and Teratogenic Potential

ex. Antineoplastic (anti-tumor) and cytotoxic (cell-killer) drugs

What Waste Category?

A

Genotoxic incldg. Cytotoxic Wastes

45
Q

Highly infectious disease refers to those causative organism under Biosafety Levels III and IV, such as
- SARS
- HIV
- AIDS
- PTB
- antrax
- Ebola

Based on whom?

A

Based on WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rd Edition (2004)

46
Q

Considered as dangerous communicable disease are:
- Heptitis B & C
- Rabies
- Invasive Group A streptococcal infections
- transmissible spongiform encephalitis
- HIV/AIDS
- meningococcemina
- viral hemorrhagic fevers (african ebola, lassa or marburg)
- yellow fever
- plague
- SARS

Sino nagsabi nyan?

A

DOH Administrative Order 2010-33

47
Q

6 Catgeories of harmful cytotoxic drugs

A

Alkylating Agents
Anti-metabolites
Mitotic Inhibitors
Intercalating Agents
Plant Alkaloids and Terpenoids
Podophyllotoxins

48
Q

called DNA-damaging agents
cause alkylation of DNA nucelotides
leads to cross-linking and miscoding of genetic stock

(e.g., vesicant drugs — clarubicin, mechlorethamine, cisplatin, mitomycin; irritant drugs — carmustine, cyclophosphamine, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, melphalan, streptozocin, thiotepa)

A

Alkylating Agents

49
Q

Under Alkylating Agents:

what are the vesicant drugs?

A

aclarubicin
mechlorethamine
cisplatin
mitomycin

50
Q

Under Alkylating Agents:

what are the irritant drugs?

A

carmustine
cyclophosphamide
dacarbazine
ifosfamide
melphalam
streptozocin
thiotepa

51
Q

It imitate the roles of purine and pyrimidine as the building blocks of DNA thus inhibiting the biosynthesis of nucleic acids in the cell

(e.g., irritant — methotrexate, fludarabine, cytarabine)

A

Anti-metabolites

52
Q

it prevent cell division

A

Mitotic Inhibitors

53
Q

it wedge between DNA bases, affecting the structure of DNA and prevents polymerase and other DNA binding proteins from functioning properly

(e.g., Vesicant drug - amsacrine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, zorubicin; Irritant drugs - mitoxantrone)

A

Interacting Agents

54
Q

Under Interacting Agents:

what are the vesicant drugs?

A

amsacrine
dactinomycin
daunorubicin
doxorubicin
epirubicin
pirarubicin
zorubicin

55
Q

Under Interacting Agents:

what are the Irritant drugs?

A

mitoxantrone

56
Q

It inhibit microtuble function thereby halting cell division.

ex. vinca alakloids derived from Catharanthus roseus plant or Tsitsirika (e.g., Vesicant Drugs - vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine)

A

Plant Alkaloids and Terpenoids

57
Q

Under Plant Alkaloids and Terpenoids

What are the Vesicant drugs?

A

vinblastine
vincristine
vindesine
vinorelbine

58
Q

It prevent cell division by inhibiting the cell from entering the G1 Phase; also affect DNA synthesis; derived from Podophyllum peltattum or Mayapple
(e.g., irritant drugs - teniposide)

A

Podophyllotoxins

59
Q

Under Podophyllotoxins

what is that 1 Irritant Drug?

A

Tentiposide

60
Q

5 Chemical Wastes

A

Toxic
Reactive
Flammable
Corrosive
Oxidizing

61
Q

type of chemical waste that have the capacity to harm biological tissue

A

Toxic Chemical Waste

62
Q

Type of chemical Waste that can react by themselves whene xposed to heat, pressure, shock, friction, catalyst presence or by contact with air or water

A

Reactive Chemical Waste

63
Q

Type of Chemical waste that chemicals that ignite/burn easily in normal working temperatures
(e.g., chemicals with flashpoint below 37.8 °C or 100°F

A

Flammable Chemical Waste

64
Q

Type of chemical that can cause severe burns to skin and other biological tissue including eyes and lungs
(e.g., acids of pH<2 and bases of pH>12

A

Corrosive Chemical Waste

65
Q

Type of Chemical Waste where liquid or solid chemicals readily give off oxygen or other oxidizing substance (such as bromine, chlorine, or flourine

Also include materials that react chemically to oxidize combustible (burnable) materials

This means that oxygen combines chemically with the other material in a way that increases the chance of a fire or explosion

A

Oxidizing Chemical Waste

66
Q

Common types of Hazardous chemical used in Health Care

A
  • Formaldehyde
  • Fixing and developing solutions
  • Wast eorganic chemicals generated in HCFs include disinfecting and cleaning solutions, vacuum-pump and engine oils, insecticides, and rodenticides
  • watses from materials with high heavy metal contents represent a subcategory of hazardous chemical waste and are usually HIGHLY TOXIC
67
Q

It consists of chemical with non of the aforementioned properties.

ex. sugars, amino acids, and certain organic and inorganic salts

A

Non-hazardous chemical waste

68
Q

Refers to waste that has not been in contact with infectious agents, hazardous chemicals, or radioactive substance and does not pose any special handling problem or hazard to human health or to the environmeny

More commonly known as “general waste”

A

Non-hazardous healthcare waste

69
Q

3 Non hazardous wastes

A

Recyclable General Waste
Biodegradable General Waste
Residual General Waste

70
Q

Who are the persons at risk?

A

doctors, nurses, auxiliaries, and maintenance personnel

Patients, Visitors to the HCF

laundry, workers transporting hazardous HCW

operators of waste management facility (e.g., sanitary landfill and TSD facilities) including informal recyclers or scavengers.

71
Q

15 Potential infections caused by exposure to HCW

A

Gastroenteric Infection
Respiratory Infection
Ocular Infection
Genital infection
SKin Infection
Anthrax
Meningitis
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrone (AIDS)
Hemorrhagic fever
Septicemia
Bacteremia
Viral Hepatitis A
Viral Hepatitis B and C
Avian Influenza

72
Q

Causative Agent: Enterobacteria, e.g. Salmonella, Shigella spp.; Vibrio cholera; Giardia lambdia;
Clostridium difficile; helminths

Through: Feces and/or Vomit

A

Gastroenteric Infection

73
Q

Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; measles virus; Streptococcus pneumonia, Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Through: Inhaled secretions; saliva

A

Respiratory Infection

74
Q

Causative Agent: Herpes Virus

Through: Eye Secretions

A

Ocular Infection

75
Q

Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrheae; herpes virus

Through: Genital Secretion

A

Genitial infection

76
Q

Causative Agent: Streptococcus spp

Through: Pus

A

Skin Infection

77
Q

Causative Agent: Bacillus anthracis

Through: Skin secretions

A

Anthrax

78
Q

Causative Agent: Neisseria meningitides

Through: Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Meingitis

79
Q

Causative Agent: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Through: Blood, sexual secretions, body fluids

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

80
Q

Causative Agent: Junin, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg Viruses

Through: Feces and all body secretions

A

Hemorrhagic fever

81
Q

Causative Agent: Staphylococcus spp.

Through: Blood

A

Septicemia

82
Q

Causative Agent: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus
spp.; (including Methicillin-resistantS.
aureus); Enterobacter, Enterococcus,
Klebsiella, and Streptococcus spp

Through: Nasal secretion, skin contact

A

Bacteremia

83
Q

Causative Agent: Candida Albicans

Through: Blood

A

Candidemia

84
Q

Causative Agent: Hepatitis A Virus

Through: Feces

A

Viral Hepatitis A

85
Q

Causative Agent: Hepatitis B and C Viruses

Through: Blood and Body Fluids

A

Viral Hepatitis B and C

86
Q

Causative Agent: H5N1 Viruses

Through: Blood, feces

A

Avian Influenza

87
Q

If an indivs are exposed to helath care wastes susch as medical staff, in- and out- patients etc.

Are they potentially at risk of being injured or infected?

A

Yes duh ofc

88
Q

Why does Incinerating waste causes problems?

Incenerating means burning

A

because plastics tend to produce toxic substances, such as DIOXINS, when they are burnt.

Gases from incineration may cause air pollution and contribute to acid rain, while the ash from incinerators may contain heavy metals and other toxins.

89
Q

8 Local Legislation

first 4

A

Republic Act No. 4226 “Hospital Licensure Act” (1965)

Republic Act No. 6969 “An Act to Control Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes” (1990)

Republic Act No. 8749 “The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999”

Republic Act No. 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”

90
Q

8 Local Legislation

last 4

A

Republic Act 9275 “The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004” Presidential Decree 856 “The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines”

Presidential Decree No. 984 “Providing for the Revision of Republic Act No. 3931, Commonly known as the Pollution Control Law, and for Other Purposes” (1976)

Presidential Decree No. 1586 “Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System”

Republic Act No. 11223: “Universal Health Care Act” (2018)

91
Q

It is a document that serve as the most comprehensive set of guidelines on the safe management of waste generated from healthcare activities in the country

A

DOH Healthcare Waste Management Manual, 4th edition

92
Q

6 Other Related Local Regulation

first 3

A

DOH-DENR Joint Administrative Order No. 02 series of 2005 dated August 24, 2005 entitled “Policies and Guidelines on Effective and Proper Handling, Collection, Transport, Treatment, Storage and Disposal of HCW”

Executive Order No. 301 (2004) “Establishing a Green Procurement Program for All Departments, Bureau, Offices and Agencies of the Executive Branch of Government”

DOH Administrative Order No. 2008-0021 dated July 30, 2008 “Gradual Phase out of Mercury in all Philippine Healthcare Facilities and Institutions”

93
Q

6 Other Related Local Regulation

last 3

A

DOH Administrative Order No. 2008-0023 dated July 30, 2008 “National Policy on Patient Safety”

Philhealth Benchbook for Quality Assurance in Healthcare (2006)

BFAD Memorandum Circular No. 22 Series of 1994, “Inventory, Proper Disposal and/or Destruction of Used Vials or Bottles” and BFAD Bureau Circular No. 16 Series of 1999: “Amending BFAD MC No. 22 dated September 8, 1994, Regarding Inventory, Proper Disposal and/or Destruction of Used Vials or Bottles”

94
Q

7 International regulations and agreements

FIrst 4

A

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)

The Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989)

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992)

The ASEAN Framework Agreement on the Facilitation of Goods in Transit (1998)

95
Q

7 International regulations and agreements

Last 3

A

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2001)

The Minamata Convention on Mercury (2013)

World Health Assembly Resolution on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (2019)

Unit 5 - 631 (14 decks)

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