PART 1 Flashcards
The exchange between the aveolar gas and the blood
external respiration
exhange of gases between blood and tissues at the cellular level
internal respiration
exhange of gases between blood and tissues at the cellular level
internal respiration
gas exhange occurs to what kind of diffusion? Due to?
a. Siimple diffusion
b. due to gas pressure gradients
3 kinds of period in the development of the RS
Embryonic Period, Fetal Period, Alveolar period
Injury to the embryo or genetic damage during the embryonic phase of development can lead to many congenital problems including
tracheoesophageal fistulas, esophageal atresia, choanal atresia, pulmonary hypoplasia, coomplex heart, vascular anomalies
Infants who are younger than ______ are at greater risk for developing respiratory distress, among other reasons to the lack of mature alveoli in the lungs
32 weeks
occurs during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.
embryonic period
Major organs will develop during this period
embryonic period
occurs during the remaining 32 weeks of pregnancy.During this period, the organs continue to develop and refine their structure and function
fetal period
Structure that is made up of three distinct germinal tissue layers that ultimately form all tissues and organs
embryo
3 distinct germinal tissue layers that ultimately form all tissues and organs
endoderm,mesoderm, ectoderm
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract, bladder, and thyroid
Liver and pancreas
endoderm
Dermis and muscles
Bone, connective and lymph tissue
Reproductive and cardiovascular system
mesoderm
Epidermis, hair, and nails
Lens of eyes and skin glands
Central and peripheral nervous system
ectoderm
approximately 6-16 weeks of development, lung and airway growth has the appearance of a glandular structure.Development of cilia, mucuos gands
pseudoglandular stage
What week is the growth and branching of the tracheobronchial tree and pulmonary vasculature continue and culminate with the formation of the terminal and respira¬tory bronchioles.
10th week(Pseudoglandular stage)
begins at week 16 and continues until week 26.
canalicular stage
more ter¬minal bronchioles and their associated acini form and develop from 26 weeks to birth. The formation of the total number of terminal bronchioles is complete at the end of this phase
Terminal saccular stage
The development of mature alveoli,(32 weeks to 8 years accompanied by capillary proliferation around their outside walls, marks the final phase of lung development.
Alveolar period
Human pulmonary surfactant which promotes lung inflation and protects the elveolar surface begins to produces around what weeks?
24-25 week
the actual gas exchange for the fetus
maternal placenta
3 important bypasspathways or shunts function in the developing fetus
Ductus venousus, ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale
it enhances the flow of blood to the developing organs
shunts
how many percent of fetal blood bypasses the pulmonary circulation from formane ovale to ductus arteriosus?
90%
basic gas-exchanging unit of the lung.
acinus
Fetal pH is normally 0.1 unit lower than maternal pH
TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
The O2 content and delivery by fetal blood are almost the
same as adult blood despite the much lower PO2.
TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
In fetal circulation aproximately one-third of this blood
flows to ?
lower trunk and extremities
The other two-thirds
flows through the ______ bypassing the liver’s circulation,
and flows to the inferior vena cava.
ductus venosus
Approximately 50% of this blood is shunted from
the right atrium into the left atrium through an opening in the
interatrial septum called the
foramen ovale
Before birth, _______% of the fetal blood bypasses the
pulmonary circulation through the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus
(right-to-left shunting). Any additional shunting after birth is considered an
anomaly.
90%
A newborn’s larynx lies higher in the neck than the larynx
of an adult, with the glottis located between C3 and C4, and is
more funnel-shaped than that of an adult. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
The epiglottis of an infant
is longer and less flexible than the epiglottis of an adult and lies
higher and in a more horizontal position. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
It is a cone-shaped cavity that houses
the lungs, heart, and the contents of the mediastinum.It protects the vital organs within and is capable of
changing shape to enable air to be moved into and out of the
lungs.
Thorcacic Cavity
The inner layer of the
thoracic wall in contact with the lungs is lined with a serous
membrane called the
parietal pleura
the
outer surface of the lungs.
Visceral Pleura
long, vertical flat bone found on the anterior
side that is composed of three bones: the manubrium, the body
(or gladiolus), and the xiphoid process.
sternum
Where the manubrium and body of the sternum meet,
the anterior chest wall shows a slight depression that forms an oblique angle
(when viewed from the side). This depression is referred to as the
angle of
Louis.
Ribs 8 through 12 are calledRibs 8 through 12 are called
false ribs
primary muscles of ventilation.
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
disease characterized by the destruction of the elastic alveolar
tissue of the lungs.
Emphysema
exhalation is passive, TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
active during forceful inspiration and become visible as thick
bands on either side of the neck during the inspiratory phase
in an individual who is in respiratory distress.
Sternocleidomastoid
are broad fan-shaped
muscles of the upper anterior chest
pectoralis muscles
are flat, triangular muscles located on
the upper back and neck
Trapezius muscles
inflammation of the pleura
pleurisy
multi-lobed, cone-shaped, sponge-like organs that
lie within the pleural cavities
lungs
clear
fluid from the interstitial and pleural spaces to help maintain
the fluid balance in the lungs.
lymphatic system
Effects of the Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Salivation/↑ secretions/sweating
• Lacrimation
• Urination
• Gastrointestinal upset
• Bradycardia/bronchoconstriction/bowel movement
• Abdominal cramps/anorexia
• Miosis (pupils become constricted
Patients with advanced _______ often use accessory muscles
to assist the flattened diaphragm, helping relieve their work
of breathing.
COPD
plays a central role in the control
of fluid and protein balance within the lung and houses various
defensive cells.
Lymphatic circulation
expiratory sound caused by the sudden closure
of the glottis during exhalation to maintain FRC and prevent
alveolar atelectasis.
grunting
houses and protects the lungs; it is also a movable
shell that makes ventilation possible
thorax
assist the diaphragm
and intercostal muscles when ventilatory demand increases
accessory muscles of ventilation
The scalene, sternocleidomastoid, pectoral, and abdominal
wall muscles
predominant accessory muscles.
The _____________________ is capable of acting as a reservoir,
removing blood clots and numerous mediators, as well as
activating important vasoactive agents.
pulmonary circulation
The _________ is a branch of the systemic circuit
and is supplied with blood from the aorta via minor thoracic
branches.
bronchial circulation
All of the major structures of the respiratory system are innervated
by branches of the peripheral nervous system namely the
autonomic
and somatic branches.
provides voluntary and automatic motor
control and sensory innervation to the chest wall and respiratory
muscles.
soamtic system
20-23 days to 6th week
embryonic period
7th week to 40th week
Fetal period
Birth to 27 years old
post natal
what are the 4 stages of fetal period?
PSEUDOGLANDULAR STAGE
CANALICULAR STAGE
TERMINAL SACCULAR STAGE
ALVEOLAR STAGE
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?*
. Continuous absorption of oxygen (O2) and excretion of carbon dioxide
By what mechanism does gas exchange across the lung occur?
simple diffusion
The fetus is potentially viable if born prematurely after how many weeks of gestation?*
. 24 to 26 weeks
During which phase of fetal development do mature alveoli appear?
. Alveolar
What maintains lung inflation during fetal development?*
Fetal lung fluid
Abnormalities of the placenta that can cause intrauterine growth retardation or fetal asphyxia include which of the following
? 1. Abnormal implantation of the placenta 2. Separation of the placenta from the uterine wall 3. Decreased placental blood flow*
In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale allows blood to flow between which two structures?*
Right atrium to left atrium
What percentage of right ventricular output is circulated through the fetal lungs?*
10%
What strong stimulus to the infant provides the impetus for the first breath
Acidosis
Which factor contributes to increased likelihood of an upper airway obstruction in an infant compared to an adult?*
Tongue that is proportionally larger
Approximately how many alveoli are there in a 10-year-old’s lung?*
480 million
What is the physiologic result of the infants’ more compliant thorax compared with that of an adult?*
Their functional residual capacity is reduced based on predicted body weight (PBW).
Running vertically down each hemithorax anteriorly is an imaginary line that is used as an anatomical landmark. What is that line called?*
Midclavicular line
What is the name of the thin serous membrane that covers the inner layer of the thoracic wall?*
Parietal pleura
Where does the sternal angle lie?*
At the join between the manubrium and sternal body
Which of rib pairs connect directly to the sternum?*
. 1 through 7
The intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves run through which of the following
. Costal groove on the bottom of each rib
Which of the following muscles are considered primary muscles of ventilation
- Diaphragm2. Intercostals
. Approximately what percent of the normal changes in thoracic volume during quiet inspiration is due to the action of the diaphragm?*
75
Compared to a normal diaphragm, contraction of a diaphragm that is low and flat may result in which of the following
Compression of the thoracic cavity
Which of the following nerves innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic
What is the lowest level on the spinal cord that an injury could cause diaphragmatic impairment or paralysis?*
C3
Which accessory muscles are active during resting and active inspiration and pull up on all the ribs expanding the thorax?*
External intercostals
As ventilatory muscles, the sternocleidomastoids do which of the following?
They elevate the upper chest, increasing chest anteroposterior diameter
Which accessory muscles of ventilation work to pull the ribs closer together?*
Internal intercostals
Which accessory muscles of ventilation work to pull the ribs closer together?*
Internal intercostals
The abdominal muscles can actually contribute to inspiration by*
contracting at end-exhalation
What is the function of the very small amount of pleural fluid that is found in the pleural space?*
Reduces friction
What will most commonly blunt the costophrenic angle as seen on chest radiograph in an upright individual?
. Excess fluids
Why is the left lung narrower than the right lung?*
Mediastinal organs push laterally into the left hemithorax
Which of the following statements describes a normal adult lung?*
The right lung has three lobes and two fissures
