part 1 Flashcards

Question

what does Can Do Can’t Do With Participants stand for?

Answer 1

consent deception confidentiality debriefing withdrawal protection

Answer 2

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected e.g. pulling names out a hat or a random number generator

Answer 3

for a large sample, it provides the best chance of an unbiased representative sample as everyone has equal chance

Answer 4

for large populations it can be very time consuming or impossible to create a list of every individual from a target population can still get a biased sample such as all males

Answer 5

every nth member of the target population is selected e.g. very 4th person

Answer 6

avoids researcher bias is fairly representative as it would be unlikely to get the same type of person

Answer 7

not strictly random as each person does not stand an equal chance of being selected

Answer 8

a population is divided into sub-groups (strata), then randomly select participants from each strata

Answer 9

avoids researcher bias representative same is obtained so generalisation is possible

Answer 10

identified strata cannot reflect all the ways people are different so complete representation is not possible difficult to put people into sub-groups

Answer 11

people choose to be in the study, may have responded to an ad

Answer 12

relatively convenient , quick and ethical if it leads to informed consent can be targeted specifically at a certain population

Answer 13

unrepresentative as it leads to bias on the part of the participant participants are more motivated so it’s not typical not generalisable

Answer 14

selecting people available at the time

Answer 15

quick, convenient and economical most common type of sampling in practice

Answer 16

unrepresentative and biased as samples are usually small researcher bias

Answer 17

an experiment conducted in a tightly controlled environment where the IV is manipulated as the researcher observed the effect of this on the DV

Answer 18

an experiment carried out in a natural environment. the IV is still manipulated but is done in an environment typical to the behaviour being studied

Answer 19

can be carried out in a lab or a natural environment the IV is not directly manipulated, the IV is naturally occurring it is the IV that is natural, not the setting

Answer 20

when the IV is based on existing differences between people such as age ethnicity or gender the IV is not manipulated, it simply exists

Answer 21

natural is to do with setting quasi is to do with the individual

Answer 22

extraneous variables minimised can make causal conclusions - the IV affects the DV

Answer 23

lack mundane realism may show demand characteristics

Answer 24

the degree to which the materials and procedures involved in an experiment are similar to events that occur in the real world

Answer 25

fewer demand characteristics greater ecological validity generalisable

Answer 26

less control over extraneous variables difficult to replicate (low reliability)

Answer 27

high ecological validity as IV is naturally occurring

Answer 28

no control over IV or extraneous variables harder to identify cause and effect impossible to replicate as IV cannot be manipulated

Answer 29

when all participants are exposed to all levels of the IV same people, different IV

Answer 30

fewer participants needed decreases participant variables

Answer 31

order effects can occur time needs to be taken between each condition meaning people could drop out (time of testing becomes a confounding variable)

Answer 32

fatigue learning practice boredom

Answer 33

when more than one group is used and each group is exposed to a different level of the IV

Answer 34

fewer order effects reduces demand characteristics no need to leave a gap in between same materials can be used

Answer 35

participant variables more participants needed

Answer 36

an independent groups design where participants are matched on specific variables (e.g. IQ, reading ability, genes)

Answer 37

some participant variables can be controlled fewer order effects

Answer 38

time consuming to match participants cannot match participants on every variable that could affect the study, so you must match them on the most key variable if one pair withdraws, the whole pair is then lost

Answer 39

repeated measures independent groups matched pairs

Answer 40

``` naturalistic controlled non-participant participant covert overt structured unstructured ```

Answer 41

takes place in the participants natural setting

Answer 42

high ecological validity in-depth and detailed data

Answer 43

may be subjectivity as the observer chooses what to record not generalisable

Answer 44

some variables in the environment are regulated by the researcher

Answer 45

reliable high ecological validity consistent results when replicated

Answer 46

demand characteristics reduces the ‘naturalness’ of environment and therefore the ‘naturalness’ of the participants as well

Answer 47

observer is not a part of what is happening

Answer 48

easier to record data objective

Answer 49

researcher may miss something the participants have a shared understanding of researchers may affect the study with their presence

Answer 50

observers are a part of what they are observing; they are involved in the activity, group or situation

Answer 51

ecological validity natural setting so valid data

Answer 52

hard to record data not reliable

Answer 53

participants do not know they are being watched

Answer 54

natural behaviour

Answer 55

often unethical observer can’t be helped by the participants

Answer 56

the participants know the observation is taking place and they are aware of all aspects of the study

Answer 57

ethical as informed consent is gained observers can ask for help

Answer 58

participants may not act naturally difficult to carry out

Answer 59

when we have a behavioural checklist; have a preset objective to look for

Answer 60

more objective easier to count and can operationalise behaviours

Answer 61

quantitative data so less rich

Answer 62

writing down everything they see as they see it

Answer 63

rich qualitative data | can be used as a pilot study

Answer 64

highly subjective data may not be relevant could miss things

Answer 65

recording every time the even occurs

Answer 66

get rich data

Answer 67

could get too much data could miss details

Answer 68

recoding data at time intervals | e.g. every 5 minutes

Answer 69

can manage a large amount of data

Answer 70

not representative could miss behaviour in between intervals

Answer 71

more than one observer observes the same behaviour at the same time with the same checklist

Answer 72

reduces researcher bias data is more objective

Answer 73

cost effective straightforward large amounts of data

Answer 74

may not be truthful - social desirability bias response bias

Answer 75

1 2 3 4 5 strong agree neutral disagree strong agree disagree

Answer 76

very good 1 2 3 4 5 not good at all

Answer 77

🔲 option 1 🔲 option 2 🔲 option 3

Answer 78

over use of jargon emotive language or leading questions double barrelled questions and double negatives

Answer 79

technical terms participants are likely to be unaware of

Answer 80

the relationship / association between co-variables

Answer 81

the relationship / association between 2 variables

Answer 82

there is no correlation between VARIABLE 1 and VARIABLE 2

Answer 83

there is a correlation between VARIABLE 1 and VARIABLE 2

Answer 84

there is a POSITIVE/NEGATIVE correlation between VARIABLE 1 and VARIABLE 2

Answer 85

if it ain’t 0.8, it ain’t great!

Answer 86

she was 21 and extremely intellectual developed symptoms such as not eating, becoming anaemic and weak while nursing her father through illness she became hysterical, deaf, had headaches, narrowing of visual field, paralysis of the neck and a loss of sensation in the limbs, had a speech impediment and became mute for some time after her father passed she couldn’t recognise faces and showed two personalities: one was anxious and depressed, the other was irrational and aggressive admitted to a sanatorium where she began her ‘talking cure’ and spoke of her free will linked her deafness to an event where her brother caught her listening to her parents having sex during this process her symptoms would worsen, but once discussed, they would disappear

Answer 87

a small-scale trial study before carrying out the full-scale study

Answer 88

to ensure participants understand their role in the study to ensure that any issues or problems with the procedure (e.g. sampling) is ironed out

Answer 89

seeks to understand and treat mental health problems, which is estimated to cost the economy £70 billion per year (due to loss of work) which exceed what is would cost to make psychological therapies available to everyone

Answer 90

seeks to understand prejudice, social injustice and the marginalisation of minorities, helping these groups to play a fuller role in society and the workplace

Answer 91

seeks to understand the psychology of creativity, where new ideas come from, and an understanding of long-term memory to help workers train quicker and more effectively

Answer 92

seeks to understand mood, motivation and effective learning this can be applied in schools to increase attainment and by employers to boost productivity

Answer 93

seeks to understand and tackle crime, for example via the study of eyewitness testimony and rehabilitating offending this benefits businesses and workers, and reduces costs to society e.g. from unfair convictions, and increases the supply of potential workers

Answer 94

(features of the scientific method) ``` paradigms replicability objectivity falsifiability empirical methods theory construction & hypothesis testing ```

Answer 95

when scientists’ expectations should not affect what they record the observer should not let personal prejudices or emotions influence their theory, explanations, findings etc don’t use bias in research

Answer 96

collecting data through direct observation or experiment- gathering data in a scientific way the opposite is rational research which is constructed from reasoned argument e.g. if one wanted to decide the world would end in 20 days, the rational approach would be to argue that such a thing was unlikely, the empirical approach would be to wait and see what happens

Answer 97

considered essential in scientific research can’t claim something has a scientific effect if it can’t be repeated, otherwise the result may have been a fluke to be replicated, the original study must be published in as much detail as possible, so someone could repeat it exactly to compare results replicability tends to be greatest when experiments are conducted in a carefully controlled way across different contexts similar results = reliable

Answer 98

the idea a theory can’t be considered scientific unless it admits the possibility of being proven false Karl Popper argues the key criterion of a scientific theory is its ability to be falsified. he proposed theories should hold themselves up for hypothesis testing and the possibility of being proven false. believed that despite a theory being successful and repeatedly tested, this just means it has not yet been proven false theories that survive the most attempts at falsification become the strongest you can’t falsify something you can’t test, and can’t falsify something that isn’t scientific

Answer 99

a paradigm is a set of shared assumptions and agreed methods with a scientific discipline a paradigm shift is the result of a scientific revolution - a significant change in the dominant theory within a scientific discipline a handful of researchers question the accepted paradigm, this gathers pace and popularity and eventually a paradigm shift occurs where there is too much contradictory evidence to ignore (otherwise we would still think the earth is flat) Thomas Khun claimed psychology should be considered a pre-science as it lacks a universally accepted paradigm unlike natural sciences such as biology and physics, there is too much internal disagreement so it is considered a pre-science

Answer 100

one aim of science is to record facts, and another aim is to use facts to construct theories to help us understand and predict the natural phenomena around us testing a single hypothesis cannot usually test an entire theory, instead, specific hypotheses are generated and tested in order to test specific elements of a theory theory construction can be inductive or deductive

Answer 101

test first, then get a theory

Answer 102

get a theory first, then test it

Answer 103

shares the goals of all sciences and uses scientific methods uses well-controlled environments use quantified measurements and statistical analysis research can be objective

Answer 104

Miller (1983) suggests psychologists who attempt to be scientists are doing no more than dressing up lack of objectivity - experimenter bias and demand characteristics can be biased/based on peoples beliefs