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PSYC 351 Social & Emotional Development > Part 1 > Flashcards

Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

James-Lange theory

A

Event -> Physiological Response -> Subjective Experience (feeling)

Emotional feelings are based directly on the way the body reacts to certain situations

Every emotion is unique because they are all slightly different combinations of physiological responses

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2
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Emotional cognitions and feelings are causally independent of physiological arousal and behaviour although these aspects all occur at the same time

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3
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Two-factor theory

Physiological arousal determines intensity but not specific emotional state

We use context to understand what is going on and which emotional state we are experiencing

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4
Q

What are the four criteria that should comprise an emotion if it is basic?

A
  1. Universal (apparent across cultures and to some extent among other species)
  2. Functional to a specific prototypical life event
  3. Distinct, innate way of expressing it
  4. Evident in early life
  5. Physiologically distinct
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5
Q

Which theory is the basic/discrete emotion model most closely aligned with?

A

James-Lange theory

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6
Q

Describe the circumplex model

A

Emotional feelings form a circle defined by the dimensions of pleasantness and arousal

Places emphasis on the feeling aspect of emotion

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7
Q

Using the circumplex model, excitement can be described as…

A

a combination of pleasure and high arousal

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8
Q

Using the circumplex model, contentment can be described as…

A

a combination of pleasure and low arousal

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9
Q

Core affect

A

The feeling aspect of emotion in terms of pleasantness and arousal

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10
Q

Describe the evaluative space model

A

Positive and negative feelings are independent dimensions and can still coexist

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11
Q

What are three points of agreement among the dimensional models (i.e., the circumplex model and evaluative space model)?

A
  1. They emphasize the feeling aspect of emotion
  2. They agree that emotional feelings are best described in terms of continuous dimensions rather than discrete categories
  3. They emphasize that feelings are mainly defined in terms of valence (positive and negative) and degree of arousal
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12
Q

The component process model

A

Same set of appraisal dimensions (i.e., novelty, pleasantness, certainty, etc.) used to evaluate the significance of every event we experience

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13
Q

Emotion as a latent process

A

We see emotions through physiological responses, behavioural responses, cognitive responses, and feeling states

Emotions exist and are reflected out to the world

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14
Q

Emotion as an emergent process

A

Emotions are the product of physiology, behaviour, cognition, and feelings

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15
Q

If some characteristic is proposed as an adaptation that does not mean that it is functional now. The characteristic would have been functional in its…

A

environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)

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16
Q

Environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA)

A

The time and place when a certain characteristic spread as a result of natural selection

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17
Q

How might emotional responses be considered by-products of natural selection?

A

Emotional responses are more likely to be byproducts of responses that promoted survival and reproduction.

Ex; an emotional response such as cuteness towards baby animals is most likely a by product of responses that prompt caring for our offspring

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18
Q

Intrapersonal functions of emotions

A

Directly benefits individual

ex; fear facilitates individual to escape

Many negative emotions can be explained by intrapersonal function

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19
Q

Emotions serve important social functions. Love an embarrassment have something in common…

A

they both help to establish and stabilize relationships with other people

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20
Q

The affect infusion model states that…

A

emotional feelings influence our judgements and decisions

i.e., people in good moods are often on autopilot whereas people in bad moods are more critical

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21
Q

According to Jeffery Gray, the brain includes two systems that is the functional core of emotional responding

A

Behavioural activation system
- Promotes approaching opportunities

Behavioural inhibition system
- Promotes threat detection and avoidance

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22
Q

Tooby and Cosmides define emotions as…

A

superordinate neural programs

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23
Q

What does it mean to think of emotions as having a phylogeny/ evolutionary tree of their own?

A

Thinking that newer emotions evolved from more archaic ones in response to new selection pressures

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24
Q

According to Tooby and Cosmides, emotion is a ____________ program that coordinates many ___________. How does this work exactly?

A

superordinate; subprograms (i.e., facial affect)

Basically, emotion acts as an organizing program that coordinates one’s behaviour and actions to solve problems

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25
Q

What are Darwin’s two functions of emotion expression?

A
  1. Adaptation
    - emotion as a cue
    - physiological regulation
  2. Exaptation
    - social communication
    - convey information to others
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26
Q

Two branches of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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27
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight
Increases heart rate, breathing rate, sweating, and blood flow to muscles
Dilates pupils

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28
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest
Increases salvation, digestion
Decreases heart rate, breathing

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29
Q

What is the benefit of the combined input of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems? What is an analogy for this?

A

More precise control

The gas pedal and brake analogy

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30
Q

The endocrine system

A

Glands and hormones combined

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31
Q

What two hormones play central roles in our responses to stress?

A

Epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and cortisol

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32
Q

What are some ways to measure physiological aspects of emotion?

A

Heart rate
- avg interbeat interval

Pupil diameter
- eye-tracking

Electrodermal activity

  • changes in how well skin conducts electricity
  • detects increased sweat gland activity
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33
Q

Pure autonomic failure

A

Medical condition in which the autonomic system ceases to influence the body

These people report the same type of emotions but feel them less intensely

34
Q

Undoing effect of positive emotion

A

Positive emotions can help people recover after an intense negative emotion, physiologically as well as emotionally

35
Q

General Adaption Syndrome

A

The body’s reaction to any threat

Now known as “stress”

36
Q

What are the three states that the body progresses through in response to threat according to the general adaptation syndrome?

A
  1. ALARM
    - Activated sympathetic system
  2. RESISTANCE
    - Moderate arousal maintained
  3. EXHAUSTION
    - Prolonged + severe threat
    - Weakness, fatigue
37
Q

Why does severe or long-term stress weaken the immune system?

A

Prolonged cortisol elevation leaves less energy available for the synthesis of proteins that the immune system needs

38
Q

Why does severe or long-term stress impair functioning in the prefrontal cortex and strengthen activity in the amygdala and striatum (learned habits)?

A

Cortisol causes shrinkages of dendrites and loss of synapses in the prefrontal cortex

Cortisol expands dendrites and increases synapses in the amygdala and striatum

39
Q

Psychological stress is also known as…

A

perceived stress

40
Q

Psychological stress comes from three components:

A
  1. Lack of control
  2. Lack of predictability
  3. Lack of outlets for frustration
41
Q

Homeostasis implies what?

A

Systems have one optimal set point of functioning

42
Q

We refrain from talking about homeostasis and instead talk about systems in terms of ________

A

allostasis

43
Q

Allostasis

A

No fixed point

Maintenance of stability through change

44
Q

Allostaic load

A

Meant for short-term adaptations because it is costly in the long-run

Basically, how much pressure is on the systems to get you out of a jam

45
Q

According to Hans Selye stress is a ________ response because…

A

undifferentiated response

because it does not have any specificity to the occasion

46
Q

What does HPA axis stand for?

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Adrenals

47
Q

The HPA axis is…

A

all throughout the body

involved in a lot of the stress response that we generate

a feedback loop

48
Q

Chronic use of the axis makes things become distorted. What causes chronic use of the axis? Why do things become distorted?

A

Chronic stress causes chronic use of the axis

Chronic stress means increased cortisol release

49
Q

Describe the relationship between the parasympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic nervous system, and the HPA axis

A

The parasympathetic system is the first to react

The withdrawal of the parasympathetic nervous system allows for the sympathetic nervous system to become activated

If parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system changes persist and they cannot deal with the even on its own, then HPA kicks in

50
Q

The central nervous system is defined as…

A

the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

Limitations when conducting research on damaged human brains

A

Damage generally overlaps in several brain areas

Brain damage doesn’t always occur for people at random - an aspect of the person with damage may have caused this damage thus this individual’s brain is not really generalizable

Damage almost never hits exactly the area researchers want to study

52
Q

What methods are used to study emotion in the brain?

A

Brain damage
Electroencephalography (EEG)
fMRI
Neurochemistry techniques (optogenetics)

53
Q

The reverse inference problem

A

Just because A has been shown to cause B does not mean that if B is present so is A

54
Q

People whose brain damage includes the amygdala can classify photos as pleasant or unpleasant but show little to no arousal when they view unpleasant photos. What does this suggest?

A

These people show the cognitive aspect of emotion but not the feeling aspect

55
Q

Some people show stronger amygdala responses than others and the differences correlate with ________ in daily life

A

anxiety

56
Q

Amygdala activation is modulated by other brain regions that may be involved in appraisal such as…

A

the prefrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex

57
Q

What is the relationship between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala?

A

People with weaker prefrontal cortex regions (i.e., those with depression) tend toward more anxiety inducing interpretations and they show less inhibition of amygdala activity

58
Q

What is the relationship between the cingulate cortex and the amygdala?

A

People with stronger connections between amygdala and cingulate cortex tend to pay more attention than average to threatening stimuli

59
Q

What is the relationship between amygdala and memory?

A

We remember things better if they hold emotional significance

The amygdala has been suggested to mediate attention to emotional stimuli and enhancement of emotional memories

60
Q

The limbic system

A

Contains structures such as the amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex, etc.

61
Q

The limbic system “freed” species from the tyranny of the hypothalamus which promotes…

A

plasticity

62
Q

Hypothalamus is considered the…

A

internal regulator

63
Q

Why is the amygdala not very plastic?

A

Because it develops early

64
Q

The frontal cortex is the most recent thing that has developed so…

A

it is very plastic

65
Q

What are the three phases of synaptic growth?

A

Proliferation
- Make a lot of synapses, TONS

Differentiation
- Don’t want all connections to do the same thing, lets make some responsible for this and some responsible for that

Pruning
- Pruning back what is not needed
-

66
Q

What are the three phases of synaptic growth?

A

Proliferation
- Make a lot of synapses, TONS

Differentiation
- Don’t want all connections to do the same thing, lets make some responsible for this and some responsible for that

Pruning

  • Pruning back what is not needed
  • What fires together wires together
67
Q

________ develops first then _______ shape’s ________

A

Structure; function; structure

68
Q

Appraisal

A

a cognitive evaluation of what a stimulus or situation means for the self

69
Q

Primary versus secondary appraisal

A

Primary appraisal

  • Determine one’s emotional response
  • How does the situation matter for one’s goals and well-being

Secondary appraisal
- Evaluating their ability to cope with situation and regulate emotions

70
Q

Aside from liking, ______ is another response that does not require appraisal according to researchers

A

anger

71
Q

What is Lazarus’ core relational theme for anger?

A

A demeaning offense against me and mine

72
Q

Cognitive neoassociationistic model

A

Any unpleasant event or sensation facilitates anger and aggressive behaviour

This proposal contradicts the idea that anger requires attribution (appraisal)

Ex; being too hot, feeling crowded, having a headache, etc., provokes anger without appraisal required

73
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

Facial expressions and other nonverbal behaviours may not be necessary for feelings of emotions but they could still help create such feelings

Think… the study in which participants held a pen with their teeth (forcing them to smile) and they found the comics more amusing than those who held the pencil with their lips (forcing them not to smile)

74
Q

Emotion was once referred to as….

A

motivations

75
Q

What are Ekman’s 6 basic emotions? What is the added 7th?

A

Anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise

7th - interest

76
Q

James Russel took a continuous dimensional approach to emotions…

A

can situate any emotional state with regard to their degree of valence (positive and negative) and degree of arousal (activated and deactivated)

Draw this

77
Q

Lang took the same idea as Russel - took a continuous dimensional approach to emotions…

A

axis is rotated and emotion fall along vectors.

Some things are appetitive (going towards something)
Some things are based on defence (withdrawing)

As you start increasing pleasantness or unpleasantness you are bound to increase arousal

Draw this

78
Q

What is Lisa Feldman Barrett’s view on emotion?

A

“Basic emotions” is a flawed idea

Offers a constructivist view

Emotions are concepts that we socially construct

Your brain’s prediction about the state of your metabolic energy
- when this prediction is challenged we experience emotion and body must respond and react

79
Q

The basic emotion theory has a ________ view

A

latent (essentialist)

80
Q

Theory of constructive emotion has an _______ view

A

emergent (constructivist)

PSYC 351 Social & Emotional Development (5 decks)

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