Part 1

Question 1

Franz Gall

Answer 1

had one of the earliest theories on behavior, intellect, and personality linked to brain anatomy; developed doctrine of phrenology; strong trait caused brain expansion

Question 2

Peirre Flourens

Answer 2

first person to study the functions of the major parts of the brain; performed through extirpation/ablation on rabbits and pigeons; led to conclusions that specific parts of brains had specific functions

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

Father of American Psychology; studied how mind adapted to environment; views formed foundation of functionalism - how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environments

Question 4

John Dewey

Answer 4

1896 article seen as inception of functionalism; criticized the reflex arc, breaking it into discrete parts

Question 5

Paul Broca

Answer 5

examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage; first person to demonstrate that impairments linked to specific brain lesions; Broca’s area (lack of speech/lesion)

Question 6

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 6

first to measure the speed of a nerve impulse, and related it to reaction time; due to first measurable link between psychology and physiology, credited with transition of psychology out of the realm of philosophy and into the realm of quantifiable natural science

Question 7

Sir Charles Sherrington

Answer 7

first inferred the existence of synapses; most of his conclusions held true overtime, except for synaptic transmission being electrical

Question 8

Sensory nerves

Answer 8

afferent nerves

Question 9

Motor nerves

Answer 9

efferent nerves

Question 10

Interneurons

Answer 10

located primarily in spinal cord and brain; linked to reflexive behavior

Question 11

Parts of peripheral nervous system

Answer 11

Somatic and Autonomic (Sympathetic / Parasympathetic)

Question 12

Neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic NS

Answer 12

acetylcholine

Question 13

Neurotransmitter of the sympathetic NS

Answer 13

epinephrine

Question 14

Parts of Hindbrain

Answer 14

Cerebellum, Medulla oblongata, reticular formation, pons

Question 15

Parts and function of Midbrain

Answer 15

Inferior and superior colliculi; sensorimotor reflexes

Question 16

Forebrain

Answer 16

Cerebral cortex, Basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 17

Cerebral cortex

Answer 17

Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes

Question 18

Basal ganglia

Answer 18

Movement

Question 19

Limbic System

Answer 19

Emotion and memory

Question 20

Thalamus

Answer 20

Sensory relay station

Question 21

Hypothalamus

Answer 21

Hunger and thirst; emotion

Question 22

Cerebellum

Answer 22

Refined motor movements

Question 23

Medulla oblongata

Answer 23

Heart, vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)

Question 24

Reticular formation

Answer 24

Arousal, alertness

Question 25

Pons

Answer 25

Communicating within the brain, breathing

Question 26

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 26

Feeding, fighting, flighting, (sexual) functioning; Lateral Hypothalamus (LH, lacks hunger), Ventromedial hypothalmus (VMH, very much hungry), anterior hypothalamus (sexual behavior)

Question 27

Basal ganglia

Answer 27

coordinate muscle movements; Parkinson’s Disease; BG’s play a role in schizophrenia and OCD

Question 28

GABA

Answer 28

y-aminobutyric acid; produces inhibitory post-synaptic potentials, likely plays a role in stabilizing neural activity in the brain

Question 29

Weber’s Law

Answer 29

Ernst H. Weber; just noticeable difference in stimulus, relates to ratios (percent)

Question 30

parvocellular cells

Answer 30

located in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN); help with spatial resolution but only work well with slower objects

Question 31

magnocellular cells

Answer 31

located in the LGN; best with detecting motion (spatial resolution); low spatial resolution

Question 32

iconic memory

Answer 32

fast-decaying memory of visual stimuli

Question 33

echoic memory

Answer 33

fast-decaying memory of auditory stimuli

Question 34

information processing model

Answer 34

1. thinking requires sensation/encoding/storage
2. stimuli must be analyzed by the brain
3. decisions can be extrapolated and adjusted
4. problem solving is dependent on cognitive level & context/complexity

Question 35

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 35

proposed that the engine driving cognitive development is the child’s internalization of his/her culture (ie societal rules, symbols, language)

Question 36

multiple intelligences

Answer 36

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Question 37

Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory

Answer 37

analytical intelligence (evaluate/reason); creative intelligence (novel problems); practical intelligence (everyday problems)

Question 38

Self-determination theory

Answer 38

autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 39

Universal emotions

Answer 39

Anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, happiness, contempt, fear (SF CHADS)

Question 40

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 40

physiological response => emotional response (conscious emotion); by extension, emotion would not be processed without feedback from peripheral organs (claim proven to be false)

Question 41

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 41

physiological response/conscious emotion => action; vagus nerve disproves this theory

Question 42

Schachter-Slinger theory

Answer 42

aka cognitive arousal or two-factor theory; physiological/cognitive appraisal => conscious emotion; ex. adrenaline study with ignorant, known and unknown cohorts