Part 1

Question 1

Types of chemical receptors:

Answer 1

1 neurotransmitters
2 endocrine hormones
3 neuroendorcrine hormes
4 paracrines
5 autocrines
6 cytokines

Question 2

Neurotransmitters

Answer 2

release by neurons axon criminals into synaptic junction

acts locally on the neuron functions

Question 3

Endocrine Hormones

Answer 3

released by glands or specific cells into the circulating blood
acts on the targeted cell may be near or far

Question 4

Neuroendocrine Hormones

Answer 4

released by the neuron into the circulation blood

acts on the targeted cell

Question 5

Paracrine

Answer 5

Released by cells into the extracellular fluid

acts on neighboring different cell

Question 6

Autocrines

Answer 6

released by cells into the extracellular fluid

acts on the cell that releases it binding into its own receptors

Question 7

Cytokines

Answer 7

released by the cells into the extracellular fluid
acts as autocrines, paracrine, or even endocrine hormones.
ex IL hormone released by helper T cells

Question 8

Function of the body chemical messengers

Answer 8

To control the body’s homeostasis

Question 9

Endocrine hormones that affect different types of cells

Answer 9

Growth hormones released by anterior pituitary gland (causes growth in most parts of the body)

Thyroxine releases by thyroid gland (increase chemical reactions in most of the body cells)

Question 10

Endocrine hormones that acts on a specific cell. why? examples?

Answer 10

Because that cell got its specific receptor for the hormone.
ACTH released by the anterior pituitary gland (stimulates the adrenal cortex, release the adernocortical hormone)

Ovarian Hormones released in females
(specific effect for the female genital organs and secondary characteristics for female organs)

Question 11

Chemical Structure and synthesis of hormones

Answer 11

Polypeptides and peptides
Steriods
Derivatives of amino acid tyrosin

Question 12

Polypeptide and peptide Hormones

Answer 12

Anterior and Posterior pituitary gland
Pancreas (insulin and glucagon)
Parathyroid Hormones

Question 13

Steroid hormones

Answer 13

Adrenal cortex(Coristrol and aldosterone)
Ovarian (estrogen and proestrogen)
Testes(Testestrone)
Placenta

Question 14

Derivatives of amino acids Tyrosin

Answer 14

Thyroid (Thyroxine)
Adrenal Medulla (Epinephrine and norepinephrine )

Question 15

Synthesis of polypeptide and peptide hormones

Answer 15

on the endoplasmic reticulum of a different endocrine cell
synthesized in as large biologically inactive proteins (pre-prohormones) and then cleaved into smaller (pro hormones ) in the endoplasmic reticulum, then transported into the Golgi apparatus to be packages as secretary vesicles. The enzymes found in the vesicles then cleaves the prohorme into biologically active hormones and inactive fragments

Question 16

Polypeptide and peptide hormones storage

Answer 16

stored within the cytoplasm or bounded to the cell membrane until secreted by exocytosis

Question 17

What increase the stimulus of exocytosis to hormones?

Answer 17

Cytoplasmic calcium caused by depolarisations of the plasma membrane

Question 18

Steroid Characteristics

Answer 18

Lipid Soluble

consist of 3 cyclohexyl ring and 1 cyclophenyl ring

Question 19

Steroid synthesis and storage

Answer 19

very little storage because they r highly lipid soluble which causes there diffusion thro the plasma membrane. It cells got a large storage of cholesterol ester in its cytoplasm in case of a stimulus to synthesis steroid hormones. Also cholesterol de novo synthesis is present.

Question 20

formation of thyroid and adrenal medulla

Answer 20

By the action of enzymes in the cytoplasm of gobular cells

Question 21

Thyroid hormones synthesis and storage

Answer 21

Synthesises and storage in the thyroid gland, in which incorporates with thyrogobulin which is stored in large follicles within the thyroid gland.
Secretion happens when amines are split from thyroglobulin and release the hormone into the blood in which it binds into plasma protein.

Question 22

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine synthesis and storage

Answer 22

Synthesises in the adrenal medulla
produces more epinephrine than norepinephrine (4-1)
Stored in vesicles until secretion by exocytosis

Question 23

Negative feedback

Answer 23

it prevents overactivity of hormones

Question 24

Positive feedback

Answer 24

occurs when the biological action of hormones causes additional secretion of hormones
ex, secretion of estrogen before ovulation stimulates lh

Question 25

Cyclical variation in hormones

Answer 25

influenced by seasonal changes
various stages of developing and aging 
the daily cycle
sleep
in many cases, they are due to changes in activity of neural pathways in controlling hormone release

Question 26

Transport of water soluble hormones

Answer 26

(Peptides and catecholamines)

dissolves in the plasma and transport to the targeted cell

Question 27

Transport of water insoluble hormones

Answer 27

(Steriods and Thyroid hormones)
less than 10% is found free and the rest is bounded into a plasma protein in which they are inactive until they are released from the protein.