Parkinsons

Question 1

typical symptoms

Answer 1

-Bradykinesia
-resting tremor
-loss of smell
-sleep dysfunction
-mood disorders
-excess salivation`

Question 2

2 types of synucleionopathies

Answer 2

with or without Lew Bodies

Question 3

Synucleinopathies with Lewy bdoies

Answer 3

-Parkinsons disease
-Lewy body disease

Question 4

Dementia with Lewy Bodies (Lewy body disease) effects

Answer 4

-causes dementia
-feeling less alert and having trouble focusing
-unlike alzeiheimers, it causes specific movement issues
-Visual hallucinations
-sleep problems

Question 5

early stages

Answer 5

-slowed movement
-muscle stiffness
-tremors
-shuffling walk

Question 6

late stages

Answer 6

-dementia

Question 7

Synucleinopathies without lewy bodies

Answer 7

-Multiple systemic atrophy
-pure autonomic failure
-REM
-sleep behaviour disorder

Question 8

Synucleinopathies cause

Answer 8

-metabolic impairment of alpha-synuclein
-leads to production of abnormal intracellular deposits or aggregation of insoluble fibrillary alpha-syn within neurons and glia

Question 9

Parkinsons brain location

Answer 9

-caused by accumulation of alpha-synuclein in substania nigra which leads to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons

Question 10

Dopaminergic neurons

Answer 10

-Primary source of dopamine in CNS
-Their loss is associated with PD

Question 11

Alpha-synuclein

Answer 11

-predominantely expressed in brain
-Makes 1% of brain weight
-mainly found inside surface of membrane surrounding cell body and in presynaptic terminals
-correctly constructed pre-synaptic terminals are NB for nerve signals

Question 12

Alpha-syn brain location

Answer 12

-mostly found in hippocampus, substania nigra and cerebellum and other place

Question 13

Genetic proof of PD

Answer 13

At least 15% of people with PD have family history of it

Question 14

Genetic variants in PD

Answer 14

LRRK2
PARK7
PINK1
PRKN
SNCA
these genes play a role in PD

Question 15

LRRK2 gene role

Answer 15

-encodes dardarin protein
-gene is active in brain and other tissues
-protein has a leucine rich region
-leucine rich region plays a role in interacting with other proteins such as transmitting signals or assembling cell’s cytoskeleton

Question 16

PRKN gene

Answer 16

-One of largest genes
-encodes for parkin protein
-Parkin tags damaged and excess proteins with ubiquitin to break them down
-Ubiquiton serves as signal to move unneeded proteins into proteasomes where they are degraded

Question 17

Importance of ubiquition system

Answer 17

-ubiquitin-proteosome system is cells quality control system by disposing of damaged and excess proteins
-It regulates availibility of proteins involved in critical cell activities such as timing of cell division and growth

Question 18

Parkin functions

Answer 18

-Ubiquiton-proteosome system
-Regulate suupply and release of synaptic vessicles from nerve cells
-It is an E3 ubiquitin ligase

Question 19

causes of parkinsons

Answer 19

Misfolding of alpha synuclein
genetic factors

Question 20

Parkinson’s spread throughout brain

Answer 20

Mechanism of spreading through interconnected neural networks
-Researchers suggest that the diseased cell releases alpha-synuclein which is taken up by normal adjacent cells