Parkinson's disease and Alzeimers disease

Question 1

Parkinsons disease is

Answer 1

a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Question 2

Alzeimers disease is

Answer 2

progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the commonest cause of premature senility.
Atrophy of the temporal lobe, hippocampus

Question 3

Price et al 2000 modern techniques?

Answer 3

idea of neuropsyc, can’t have one without the other
Through CT, MRI, functional MRI, MRS, SPECT, and PET techniques based on computer science and isotopes, diseases of the cerebrum, formerly regarded as functional, were found to have visible structural and functional abnormalities. The foundation of the dichotomy between neurology and psychiatry was at least partially effaced

Question 4

neurology and psychiatry should be together because

Answer 4

A secondary reason calling for further integration has been the increasing recognition that psychiatric symptoms are common and important contributions to morbidity in neurologic diseases and that many attributes of psychiatric diseases may in fact be neurologic in origin.21,2

Question 5

3 main questions which need to be answered..

Answer 5

1. How do biologic processes of the brain give rise to mental events?
2. How do environmental factors modulate the biological structure of the brain?
3. How can these forces be harnessed to promote mental health and recovery from brain injury?

Question 6

Cortical release phenomena

Answer 6

Oroghi, 2015 –> disibition of neural structures.. VH hallucinations are caused by disinibited neurones

Question 7

Disinibited neurones cause

Answer 7

cholinergic denervation of the visual associative cortex (Perry)

Question 8

Pharcomology of manipulting cholinergic (acetylcholine)

Answer 8

increase, agonist –> more VH

decrease inhibiter–> less VH

Question 9

Meppelink, 2009

Answer 9

fMRI of PD showed decrease activation of visual associtive cortex in PD patients

Question 10

Silverberg, 1995

Answer 10

PET Schizophrenia, showed acitvation of VAC… similar underlying mechanism involved

Question 11

Howard

Answer 11

fMRI, show reduced resoponse the of occibital cortex, of exogenous visual stimuli, so this may disinhibt endogenous visual memories when they emerge in conciousness

Question 12

VAC

Answer 12

place where you integrate information, inlufnce from topdown processing..

Question 13

Price 1983,

Answer 13

area 19, VAC implicated in VH

Question 14

CE of VH in PD–>

Answer 14

activation is inconsistent, can’t imply that is the cause, may just be impacted… but can start to understand maybe involved in the psychiatric phenomena that is VH

Question 15

Bruer

Answer 15

dopamine agonsts relieve depprsive symptoms

Question 16

PD patients with depression show…

Answer 16

decreased dopamine, showing decreased activation of cortical areas

Question 17

Barone (2010)

Answer 17

PD deppresive symptoms were associated with decrease in volume of OFC and hippocampus

Question 18

Lorenzetti

Answer 18

structrual abnormalties in MDD, in the OFC and hippocampus,

Question 19

beruger

Answer 19

could explain why depression effects lots of aspects of cognition effecting lots of different frontal/ cortical regions…

Question 20

Apathy

Answer 20

reduction in motivation, to make decisions, lack of energy

Question 21

apthay and ICD are

Answer 21

two ends of a spectrum of dopamine levels

Question 22

PD patients reduce DA = Czernecki, 2001

Answer 22

more apathy

Question 23

PD patients with DA agonist =

Answer 23

less apathy

Question 24

Lancot

Answer 24

SPECT AD, apathy symptoms felt, associated lower perfusion of the OFC and ACC (key decion making areas)

Question 25

Schizophrenia and apathy, Roth

Answer 25

show frontal lobe defficncy–> in line with frontal control being important
–> findings limited as symptom sevirity may of impacted on task (cognitive function) higher levels of apathy perform worse on a cognitive task (measure)

Question 26

hyperdopaminergic state =

Answer 26

impulse control disorders

Question 27

Ray, 2012

Answer 27

PD patients with impulse control show activation alterations in OFC and ACC

Question 28

Dopamine release is changing..

Answer 28

brain function

Question 29

Joshua, 2012

Answer 29

pathological gamblers DA release is associated with PG severity

Question 30

Regard

Answer 30

PD show abnormalties by EEG of fronto-temporal-limbic areas (frontal areas are important)

Question 31

Steeve , 2009

Answer 31

PD patients with ICD compared to PD without show increase in DA binding in the ventral stritam

Question 32

O’Sullivan 2011

Answer 32

PD patients with dopamine treatment show more impulsive behaviours, sexual proximity, PG

Question 33

L’dopa treatment associated with increased

Answer 33

PG in PD patients

Question 34

Volkow

Answer 34

Shows NT adaption changing the way the brain works, dysfunction of OFC.. loosing control

Question 35

Von Guntell

Answer 35

reduplicative paranesia in AD –> frontal temporal right atropthy

Question 36

Ellis

Answer 36

Capgras syndrome, RH processing deficits

Question 37

Horikawa

Answer 37

psychosis, hypoperfusion in RH

Question 38

Right hemisphere important

Answer 38

for feelings of familarity

Question 39

Holroyd

Answer 39

AD patients with VH atrophy to occipital cortex

Question 40

Furya

Answer 40

Balint syndrome, occipital atrophy