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NPB 173 Exam 2 > Parkinson's disease > Flashcards

Parkinson's disease Flashcards

1
Q

True or False

At chemical synapses, nerve impulses arriving at the presynaptic axonal terminal result in NT release into the synaptic cleft between the neurons.

A

True

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2
Q

Postsynaptic receptors can be _____________, fast acting, or can be _______________, act through sceond messengers, slow acting.

A

ion channels

metabotropic receptors

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3
Q

NTs are syntheszied through ___________ reactions, usually in th neuorns that release them,

NTs are stored in __________ at (presynaptic / postsynaptic) terminals

After release and (presynpatic / postsynaptic) action, NTs are ______ from the synaptic cleft. (getting ready for another signal)

NTs are either ______________ or _________________.

A

chemical

vesicles at presynaptic

postsynaptic

cleared

reuptake (recycled) or metabolized (broken down)

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4
Q

How are NTs classified?

A

Based on their structure

mode of action

location

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5
Q

What are the two most common NTs for inotropic signalling in the brain?

A

Glutamate (+)

GABA (-)

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6
Q

True or False

Many NTs play a neuromodulatory role acting via metabotropic signaling that has varying effects.

A neuron has one primary NTs that is released and can be affected by different types of NTs based on the different types of receptors.

A

True

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7
Q

Synthesis usually starts from commonly occuring ________________ (e.g.) amino acids, regulated by ______________.

Some major NTs are part of the same synthesis cascade. What is an example?

A

Precursor molecules

enzymes expressed by neurons

Glutamine to glutramate to GABA

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8
Q

What are three ways in which an NT is cleared from synaptic cleft?

A

Diffusion

Active transport

degradation

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9
Q

Choose the best option

(diffusion / active transport / degradation )

Passive movement of NTs to other areas of extracellular space

A

diffusion

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10
Q

Choose the best option

(diffusion / active transport / degradation )

mediated by NT transproeters on neurons and/or glia

A

active transport

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11
Q

Choose the best option

(diffusion / active transport / degradation )

occurs via enzymes wither in synaptic cleft or intracellularly

A

degradation

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12
Q

Dopamine is synthesized in two steps from the amino acid tyrosine.

Tyrosine with Tyrosine hydroxylase makes __________

___________ with amino acid decarboxylase makes Dopamine.

A

DOPA (intermediatory molecule)

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13
Q

The ________________ mediates re-uptake of free dopamine in the sunaptic cleft back into the presynaptic terminal. (end of signal)

A

dopamine transporter

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14
Q

Doapimes is degraded by two enzymes (which are important targets for therapeutics)

Hint: One degraded intercellular and the other in the synaptic cleft

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

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15
Q

True or False

Dopamine mostly acts as a neuromodulator, via metabotropic receptors with effects that are slower and longer lasting than ionotropic effects.

A

True

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16
Q

There are multiple ascending neuromodulator systems in the brain that use distinct NTs, name at least four

A

Dopamine

Noreponphrine

Serotionin

Acetylcholine

17
Q

What are the two main sources of dopamine in the brain stem? Where does it project to?

A

Ventral tegmental area project to Prefrontal cortex

Substantia nigra projects to caudate nucleus and putamen (stratium)

18
Q

The two primary neural circuits from the striatum:

__________ faciliates movements

__________ inhibits movements

A

Direct pathways

Indirect pathway

19
Q

Define

GPe

STN

GPi

SNr

SNc

A

GPe = globus pallidus external segement

STN = subthalamic nucleus

GPi = hlobus pallidus internal segment

SNr = substantia nigra pars reticulata

SNc = substantia nigra pars compacta

provides dopamine input to sriatum

20
Q

What kind of dopamine receptors does the direct and indirect pathway have?

A

Direct pathways: D1 dopamine receptors (excitatory effect)

Indirect pathways: D2 dopamine receptors (inhibitory effect)

21
Q

Parkinson leads to cell death that is most servere in _____________________-reduces neuromodulation of the striatum .

A

dopamine neurons of the SNc

22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Motor movements

Bradykinesia, slowness of movement

Resting tremor (shaking during periods of inactivity)

Muscle rigidity (resistance to imposed movements)

Non-motor symptoms

sleep disorder, disturbances of autonomic N.S. function, mood changes, and cognitive impairment

Signs

age-dependent, great prevalence at older ages

worsening over time

23
Q

In cases where Parkinson disease is thought to be inherited –> _____________. Prevalence among close relatives, more likely to have an earlier onset. Some (but not all) cases have a known cause that is monogenic (based on a single gene).

Otherwise, no clear evidence of being inherited is known as ___________. Most cases of Parkinson’s disease.

A

Familial

Sporadic

24
Q

True or False

The likelihood of Parkinson’s disease depends on genetic and environmental risk factors.

Multiple factors interact to increase and decrease the risk of Parkinson’s disease.

A

True

25
Q

____________ - post-mortem brain histology reveals a specific pathology in neural tissue

Specific types of protein aggregate within cells that displace other cell components

Composed of multiple protein, one of the protein (critical) is the _____________.

A

Lewy body

alpha-synculein

26
Q

Alpha-synuclein is the protein encoded by the ________, point mutations to which can cause Parkinson’s with autosomal dominance and full penetrance

A

SNCA

27
Q

True or False

The alpha helix motifs can attach to the cell membranes. The motif can take an alternate configuration that promotes beta-sheet formed from alpha-synuclein aggregates. This eventually leads to Lewy body formation.

A

True

28
Q

What is the common hypothesis?

What is the other hypothesis>

A

Common hypothesis: the rate model of Parkinson’s diseases –> the effects are due to an imbalance of activity in direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia by dopamine loss.

Decreased dopamine in D1 less excitation, and “ “ in D2 more inhibition

Other Hypothesis: The pattern hypothesis of Parkinson’s disease, suggests that changes in response patterns due to dopamine loss play a role in its effects.

29
Q

______________ degeneration usually begins elsewhere, progressing from more peripheral to more central areas.

A

Braak staging

30
Q

True or False

Parkinson’s affect the motor loop most severely before progressing to other loops.

A

true

31
Q

What is the most effective molecular treatment for Parkinson

A

L-Dopa –> create new dopamine neurons

32
Q

Cellular treatment

The primary goal is to ___________________

A

slow, stop or prevent diseases progression

33
Q

Neural circuit treatment for Parkinson

A

Replacement

removal

Deep-brain stimulation

NPB 173 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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