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Jihong Han's lectures > Parenteral drug delivery > Flashcards

Parenteral drug delivery Flashcards

1
Q

Parenteral drug delivery is delivery that bypasses the alimentary canal. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Parenteral delivery sually deleivers solutions, suspensions and emulsions. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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3
Q

The site of injection bypasses the skin which is one of the major body barriers. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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4
Q

What are the three types of parenteral injection?

A
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intramscular
  • Intravenous
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5
Q

Describe the I.V route?

A
  • Delivers the formulation to a large vein usually a large proximal vein
  • Rapid response
  • 100% bioavailability
  • Different volumes can be administered
  • Usually solutions and emulsions, not suitabel for suspensions
  • Can be used to deliver drugs that are irritating by other routes
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6
Q

Describe the I.M route

A
  • Into the muscle
  • Small volume of injection
  • Onset is formulation dependant (controlled release formulation/fast onset)
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7
Q

Describe S.B route

A
  • Injection into s.c fat (arms, leg, abdomen)
  • Formulation dependant
  • slow release from oily or viscosity vehicles
  • Normally a small 1ml injection volume - which limits potential application
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8
Q

What are some ads of injections ?

A
  • Quick onset and physiological response
  • Bioavailability / avoids first pass metabolism of oral route
  • Deliver drugs unresponsive
  • Usually not adminsitered by patients so good control of dosage and frequency
  • Can rapidly achieve local effects
  • Formulation and use of infusion can allow a wide range of therapies to be considered
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9
Q

What are some disads for injections?

A
  • Cost is significantly greater compared to toher dosage forms (requires clean room technology)
  • Administration (painful/special skills required/difficult to reverse side effects once administered)
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10
Q

What are the formualtions for parenteral delivery?

A
  • Solutiond (oil or water based)
  • Suspensions (oil or water based)
  • Emulsions (oil in water)
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11
Q

What factors affect choice of formulation?

A
  • Physicochemical properties of the drug
  • Route of admin
  • Amount to be admin
  • Preference for formulation type may be based on previous clinical experience and performance
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12
Q

What does good, moderate and low solubility mean?

A

Good : Can be readilty formulated in a suitable vehicle
Moderate: reasonable but possibly not sufficient solubility for therapeutic needs
Low: usually formulated in suspension form

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13
Q

Provide examples of non-aqueous solvents?

A

-Oils (corn oil)

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14
Q

What is the aim when co-solvents are used and give an example of one?

A

-Aim is to render the active drug soluble and allow it to be delivered while reducing or minimising pain and discomfort e.g glycerol and ethanol

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15
Q

Large volumes are usually given I.v, smaller volumes are given via othe routes. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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16
Q

S.c and i.m are slower than i.v. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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17
Q

Absorption is faster from aqueous solutions than othe formulations when given i.m or s.c . TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

18
Q

Slower release from suspensions and emulsions cannot be used for prolonged, controlled release formulations. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

19
Q

What is a crystalline structure?

A

-Repeating ordered structures, usually therefore have higher melting point than amorphous materials

20
Q

Polymorphic materials have the same chemical structure but different physical forms, therefore different melting points and different rates of dissolution, hence affecting bioavailability. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

21
Q

Provide examples of polymorphism?

A
  • paracetamol

- spironolactone

22
Q

What does particle size affect?

A
  • Absorption and dissolution

- Stability of the drug in the dosage form

23
Q

The rate of dissolution of poorly soluble drugs increaseas as the surafce area increases. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

24
Q

Smaller particle size may result in greater rate of dissolution for poorly soluble drugs. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

25
Q

Not all salt forms have the same solubility. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

26
Q

Certain counter ions are used to enhance solubility/dissolution and bioavailability. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

27
Q

What does salt form affect?

A
  • Stability
  • Solubility
  • Dissolution rate
  • Crystal form/polymorphism
  • Mechanical properties
28
Q

For stable salt formation, ionisation must not be in effect, complete such that a single ionisation state is formed. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

29
Q

What are some commonly used salts?

A

-For basic drugs
(hydrochloride,sulphate, maleate)
-For acidic drugs
(K,Na,Li,Mg,Ca)

30
Q

Materials thata re too alkaline might degrade glass during storage. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

31
Q

What is water for injection used for?

A

-Used for soluble and poorly soluble agents and as the aqueous phase of an emulsion

32
Q

What pH range is used for water for injection BP?

A

5-7

33
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

-Fever producing compounds usually from bacteria

34
Q

What are non-aqueous vehicles used for?

A

-For non-water-soluble therapeutic agents

35
Q

What materials are used in non-aqueous vehicles?

A

-Non volatile oil, e.g corn oil, sesame seed oil - good stability

36
Q

What are the problems with non-aqueous vehicles?

A
  • Pain (irritation upon injection often due to viscosity effects at different temperatures
  • Sensitivity (peanut oils and allergies
  • Enhancers
37
Q

Isotonicity is best for all injections. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

38
Q

At what temperature does an isotonic solution freeze?

A

-0.52 degrees

39
Q

A 1% w/v solution of sodium chloride depresses the freezing point by 0.576 degrees. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

40
Q

A 1% w/v soltuion of ephedrine hydrochloride depresses the freezing point by 0.169 degrees. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

41
Q

What are the regulatory requirements for injection maufacture?

A
  • Buildings and facilitites
  • Personnel, training, qualifications
  • Components and containers
  • Endotoxin control
  • Validation processes
  • Laboratory control
  • Sterility testing

Jihong Han's lectures (11 decks)

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