Parenteral Aministration

Question 1

What are the possible Parenteral routes?

Answer 1

1. Percutaneous- absoprtion via intact skin
2. Inhalation
3. SC- injection under skin
4. Intraarticular/synovial
5. Intramuscular
6. Intravenous

Question 2

Why Parenteral administration?

Answer 2

1. Fast action required
2. NBM
3. Digestive enzymes will inactivate drug
4. Long term release of drug is necessary
5. Other routes are contraindicated or impaired

Question 3

What are the advantages of Parenteral routes?

Answer 3

1. Good local effect
2. Good alternative for those drugs absorbed poorly orally
3. IV - immediate action
4. IM + SC- provide more controlled release
5. Can minimise unwanted effect

Question 4

What are the disadvantages of Parenteral routes?

Answer 4

1. Additional trading required and competence
2. Costly
3. Painful
4. ANTT
5. Additional technology or assistance

Question 5

Define Parenteral?

Answer 5

Around the gut medication

Question 6

Explain the percutaneous routes.

Answer 6

Topical
Drops, creams, pastes, gels and lotions
Transdermal
Patches allows slow absorption to blood supply below dermis
Bodily cavities
Inhalation, sublingual, but cal, suppositories, enemas, presaries

Question 7

Name the injectable routes

Answer 7

SC, IM, IV, INTRASYNOVIAL, INTRATHECAL, EPIDURAL, INTRACARDIAC

Question 8

Disadvantages of injections?

Answer 8

Fear, haematoma, sciatic nerve damage, drug reaction, abscess, granuloma, lipohypertopy

Question 9

How can we minimise the risks?

Answer 9

Follow the R’s for medicine administration
Hand washing and infection control techniques
Nurse protocols.
Talk to patients

Question 10

What are ampules and vials?

Answer 10

Packaging of Parenteral medications
Ampoule are for single use/ plastic or glass container
Vial can hold single or multiple doses, sealed rubber cap

Question 11

What does re-constitution mean?

Answer 11

Some Parenteral drugs are in a powder form.

Need to be mixed with either sterile water or normal saline solution

Question 12

Explain the intradermal site

Answer 12

Only administer small amount of fluid
Used for allergy testing
TB screening
Inner lower arm

Question 13

Explain the site for SC injection

Answer 13

Just beneath the skin
0.5/1ml
Insulin, heparin (clexane), vaccines
Rotate sites

Question 14

Where are the IM injection sites?

Answer 14

Deltoid, dorsogluteal, ventrogluteal upper leg

Question 15

Explain the use of different syringes and needles

Answer 15

1. Intradermal injection: drugs less than 0.5ml use a1ml syringe and 25/27 gauge needle
2. SC: 0.5-1ml, use 1ml syringe and 23/28 gauge needles
3. IM: 0.5-3mls, use 18-23 gauge needles