parcial 1 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
why is Monte verde so exceptional?
A
its complexity and its antiquity
2
Q
how many years aprox does monte verde have?
A
12,500
3
Q
a series of relatively recent archaeological, linguistic and genetic studies and findings, which question the classical theory of the late settlement of the American continent based on the Clovis culture.
A
pre-clovis theory
4
Q
how many years ago the clovis theory
A
13,300 to 12,800
5
Q
clovis theory: spreadheads found in 1930 at a site in
A
clovis, new mexico
6
Q
the last settlement of clovis
A
last millennium of the Pleistocene
7
Q
clovis used a very careful technique of stone carving to
A
hunt the giant fauna that existed in the Ice Age
8
Q
clovis specialized in hunting:
A
mastodons, mamuts and bison
9
Q
clovis great denial
A
great atiquity of humanity in america
10
Q
solutrean theory created by
A
by dennis stanford and bruce bradley
11
Q
solutrean theory hypothesis said that
A
- around 20,000 years ago
- from europe to the US eastern coast
- stanfrod’s “Europe first”
12
Q
coastal migration theory
A
- by boat through the pacific ocean
- around 15,000 years ago
- following the coast of asia and beringia all the way to the south
- support from the maritime environment
13
Q
Traditionally considered the first habitants of America and ancestors of all American natives culture, dating back 13,500 years, during the last ice age.
A
the clovis
14
Q
main characteristics of clovis
A
- Clovis points
- Great hunters of different huge mammals
- Groups made up of hunter families, between 25- 100 people
- Their settlements were based on hunting and water
15
Q
Claims to be an astronomical
impact of an object causing the
extinction of most large animals in North America and the disappearance of the Clovis culture.
A
clovis comet hypothesis
16
Q
Indicates that the Clovis were affected by the scarcity of large animals in the areas that they habited because of having hunted this fauna extremely.
A
anthropogenic extinction
17
Q
establishment and development of monte verde
A
the settlement was formed by a small group of no more than 30 colonists
18
Q
the clovis caverns found:
A
filled with mud and surrounded by stone tools, remains of seeds, remains of seeds, nuts and berries, suggest, that an organized economy existed in monte verde
19
Q
the monte verde II findings would also challenge
A
the theory that all ice age peoples were nomadic hunters
20
Q
since january 25 2008, monte verde has been protected as
A
a national historic monument of chile
21
Q
process of territorial occupation that
consists of settling in a place temporarily with the aim of extracting its wealth (natural resources) from the territory.
A
conquer
22
Q
process of territorial occupation that
consists of settling in a place permanent with the
intention of populating it.
A
colonize
23
Q
was first conquered and then colonized
A
latin america
24
Q
early conquest of latin america
A
late 15th and early 16th centuries or middle ages, discovery of christopher colombus
25
modernity started with
the discovery of colombus
26
what was the objective of europeand to come to latin america
came to these lands to extract wealth and send it to their metropolis. (Spain and Portugal). The Spanish were first interested in the species, then in the gold and silver
27
an ancient city located north of Madrid, was
where 528 years ago determined the political and territorial configuration of America, divided the world into two hemispheres and defined the language and culture of millions of people.
tordesillas
28
2 changes of colombus line
- 100 leagues west of the Azores and Cape
Verde favoring Castille
- the dividing line to 370 leagues west of Cape Verde
29
colombus line
- cape verde and the azores
- brazil
- portugal
30
he original document in
catillian - catholic monarchy in libon
31
british empire
first exploration in 1497 by john cabot
- explorations stopped due to henry VII death
- resumed with the muscovy company
- 7 year war won by great britain gaining more power
32
french empire
first exploration by giovanni da verrazzano sent by the crown
- jacques cartier explores the coasts of st. lawrence
- civil war between catholics and protestants
- complex/good relationship with natives
- louisiana as a slavery settlement
33
the dutch empire
- the british
- large joint-stock companies for exploration, settlement, and trade
- the Dutch East and West India Companies
- shipping and trading --> the rise of nationalism and militarism
- State intervention in the colonial enterprise came later.
34
period from the 14th to 16th century in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in
Classical scholarship and values.
renaissance
35
witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the growth of commerce, and the inventions of innovations such as paper, printing, the mariner’s compass and gunpowder.
the renaissance era
36
The initial states of the USA were composed of the 13 colonies, a collection of settlements. Nearly all of the colonies were established by the English, and they were all situated along North
America's East Coast.
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.
37
the first English Crown settlement in 1607.
virginia
38
was founded with the arrival of the Mayflower, led by a group of pilgrims whose purpose was to have religious freedom.
massachussets
39
was founded with the
intention of expanding the territory.
new hampshire
40
This colony sought religious freedom.
maryland
41
was founded with the idea of gaining sales and new lands. Connecticut was legally recognized as a colony of England in 1662.
connecticut
42
New Netherlands was renamed _______ by the British.
new york
43
In September, Continental Congress declared the “United Colonies” of America to be
the united stated of america
44
The first attempt at government in the United
States was
a system where all states maintained their own government and sent a representative to Congress.
45
what happened with usas government
it failed because there was no executive government and the states didn't follow the decisions of Congress.
46
In May 1787, a meeting was convened in Philadelphia with the objective of creating a new Constitution, which this time created a form of government based on
federalism
47
legislative power: Congress composed of two chambers:
the house of representatives and the senate (2 delegates from each state)
48
Presidential regime deposited in a single person, who would be called President, elected in a double vote, a direct popular and indirect, of voters of all states.
executive power
49
Exercised by a Supreme Court, in
addition to some lower courts.
judiciary
50
Consists of two chambers, the one
of Representatives and the other of Senates.
congress
51
the USA was established as a
Presidential Federal Republic, and the constitution became the first fundamental law in the country,
52
Currently, the United States is a
constitutional federal republic, with a presidential regime as a form of government based on the separation of powers into three
branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
53
why was the constitution written?
After the Revolutionary war, James Madison, Alexander hamilton and Geroge Washington feared that the country was on the brink of collapse,
54
convention where the constitution was written
the constitutional convention
55
the constitution would need to be ratified by
9 of the 13 state legislatures
56
In order to raise support for the Constitution, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay decided to write a series of essays to defend the new United States Constitution, entitled
the federalist papers
57
became the First U.S. state to ratify the constitution on December 7th, 1787, they were followed by: Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut.
delaware
58
The first 10 amendments were created to try and
persuade certain states to
accept the whole constitution
59
It was difficult getting the United States Constitution ratified because many states felt it gave too much power to the
federal government and not enough to the people
60
first amendmne t
freedom of speech
61
second amendmnet
right to bear arms
62
thrid amendmnet
the freedom against quartering of soldiers
63
fourth amendment
the freedom agaisnt search and seizure
64
fifth amendment
the right to due process
65
sixth amendment
the right to a speedy trial
66
seventh amendment
right to a jury trial in civil suits
67
eight amendment
freedom against cruel and unusual punishment
68
ninth amendment
the enumeration of certain rights shall not be used against others
69
tenth amendment
rights reserved by states or people
70
was a long historical, political and social process that put an end to Spanish rule over this nation of the American continent through arms.
independence of mexico
71
internal causes of independence
social inequality, administrative reforms of the colonial authorities amd the formation of an emancipatory creole conscience
72
5 social groups of independence
peninsulars
criollos
mestizos
indians
black slaves
73
external causes of independence
- decline of spain and portugal as hegemonic powers
- american and french revolutions
- haitian independence
- napoleonic invasion of the metropolis
74
consequence of the independence of mexico
central america joins mexican empire
- militarism
- economic problems
- social problems
- desintegration that made bolivar's dream of a united latin america imposible
75
internal causes of independence moves in america
-social inequality
- administrative reforms
- creation of the criollo identity
76
external causes of independence moves in america
- downfall of iberian corwns as superpowers
- american and french revolutions
- haitian independence
- napoleonic wars
77
- Capitanía General de Guatemala
- Similar to Mexico
- Few small insurrections
- Declared independence in 1821
- Joined the newly-formed Mexican Empire
central america
78
- United Provinces of Río de la Plata
- Fragmentation
- Liberation thanks to
José Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martín
- Congress of Tucumán (07/09/1816)
- Paraguay (1811)
- Uruguay (1814, 1816, 1821)
chile and viceroyalty of rio the la plata
79
- 18th century insurrections - Túpac Amaru
- Repression between 1811-1820
- José de San Martín (Protector of Perú) and Simón Bolívar
- Independence (1824)
viceroyalty of peru
80
- Began in 1808
- American Confederation of Venezuela (07/05/1811)
- Carta de Jamaica (1814)
- Bolívar's comeback (1816)
- Battle of Boyacá (08/07/1819)
- Republic of Greater Colombia (1819)
venezuela, new granada and quito
81
- Different society to Spanish America
- Portuguese Royal family leaves for Brazil, opening Brazil's economy
- Portugal's Liberal Revolution (1820)
- Grito de Ipiranga (09/07/1822)
independence of brazil
82
seeked their independence from Mexico in an effort to consolidate autonomy and liberty.
texas
83
Texans were led by _______ , on the other hand, the Mexican army was led by______
stephen austin and samuel houston, antonio lopez de santa ana
84
Mexico was forced to sign the ____,
granting Texas’ independence in March 1836.
treaty of velasco
85
Mexico decided not to concede the payments that France was demanding, and in consequence,
France attacked a Mexican port, forcing Mexico to declare war on them.
86
4 months later the war ended. In March 1839, in Veracruz, the ______ between Mexico and France was signed.
treaty of peace
87
In this treaty Mexico refused to concede the preferential commercial agreement towards
France, but also promised to pay 600,000 pesos of compensation to French businesses.
treaty of peace
88
decreed the suspension of the foreign debt payments for 2 years in a law of 16 articles.
benito juarez
89
This suspension, along with other political, economic and military reasons, ended up causing the
second french intervention
90
formed an alliance called the London Convention and announced they would be sending troops to Mexico; the alliance arrived in Veracruz in 1862 and entered into negotiations with the Government of Mexico.
france, UK and spain
91
The victory of the Mexican army did not prevent the invasion of the country as the French returned the following year and a second battle was fought in Puebla in which the french managed to advance to Mexico City and establish the
second mexican empire
92
were signed, a pact with which New Spain sealed its independence.
treaties of cordoba
93
issued the first Law of the Mexican
Foreign Service
vicente guerrero
94
Law of the Mexican Foreign Service; and in this document the rules by which the Ordinary Legations, Extraordinary Legations, and Consulates were established and stipulated as:
extraordinary legations
ordinary legations
consulates
95
When the government of Benito Juárez was consolidated in 1861, four successive reforms and modifications to the organic composition of the federal government were given, in which the existence of the
ministry of foreign relations happened
96
In this war was
the confrontation between
liberals and conservatives.
central american civil wars
97
Uruguayan civil war that was mixed with the
Argentine civil war, it was a confrontation between the leaders of the white party against those of the Colorado Party
guerra grande
98
Confrontation between the two sides into which Mexican society was divided: liberals who wanted Benito Juárez as president and
conservatives who wanted Félix Zuloaga as president.
reform war
99
Confrontation of the northern states (industrialized and abolitionist) against the southern states (agriculture and slavery)
whose main reason was the secession of the southern states from the Union.
american civil war
100
Internal conflict in Colombia between the forces of the Liberal and Conservative parties
war of the thousand days
101
Set of consecutive civil wars that took place in the Mexican Republic first, when a coalition of self-styled "Revolutionary "caudillos rose up to overthrow the Dictator Porfirio Díaz
mexican revolution
102
Popular armed rebellion in central-western Mexico promoted by the Catholic Church in which a guerrilla army of faithful clergy rebelled
against the government of Plutarco Elías Calles for its anticlerical policies
cristero war
103
The war between spain and USA is due to the explosion of the ship "USS MAINE" in front of the port of Havana in Cuba and ended with the treaty of paris
spanish - american war
104
was a 116-year conflict between France and England, led by King Edward III and Philip VI who fought for the feudal rights of Gascony and the French crown. It was a war with three phases and between them there were periods of peace.
The loss of England caused its people to question their monarch, among the positive consequences was the development of technology in this period as well as the centralization of government and a more regulated tax system
hundred years war
105
It was a policy created in 1823 by James Monroe
who was the current president of USA.
It consisted in that any invasion of an American
country would be considered a grievance to the US and the same would respond immediately.
This doctrine was originally created by John Quincy Adams, US president before Monroe, but it was the second who introduced it to Congress.
Among its causes are that the US was trying to
protect itself from the European countries in its
surroundings because they were afraid of a new
attempt of colonization by European alliances.
The consequences of this event were almost null for Europe, which made many American countries realize that in reality the objective was to justify the interventions of the US government
monroe doctrine
106
Was a conflict between two political factions in
Uruguay: the Blancos (Whites) and the Colorados (Reds). The Blancos were the traditionalist rural landowners and conservatives, while the Colorados were the urban liberals and reformists. The civil war was primarily caused by political tensions between those two because of the control of the government that the Colorados had and the lack of protection of the Blancos as rural landowners.
guerra grande
107
was a civil war that took place in Mexico
between 1857 and 1860, fought between liberals and conservatives. Prior to this war, certain events preceded it, such as the corruption, poverty and inequality of Mexico's autocratic rulers. The main causes were the search to separate the church from the government, abolish slavery and guarantee the basic rights of Mexicans.
As a result, a federal government was implemented in Mexico, public education was established and there was much economic damage
reform war
108
was the result of years of political, social and
economic inequality led by the Porfirio Diaz regime. It sought to implement "effective suffrage, no reelection", as well as an
improvement in labor rights and the return of land that had been seized. This armed conflict had its main positive outcome: the Constitution of 1917.
mexican revolution
109
was a project created by Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1879, this canal had many problems during its construction, such as the yellow fever and the
earthquake that ended up stopping its construction in 1882 and abandoning the
project in 1888. Years later, the US resumed
the project and by 1914 the canal opened
its doors.
The project had been planned since 1521 by
King Charles I, but it was not possible due
to Europe's financial situation
panama canal
110
in which he proposed to Mexico to help it recover the Texas lands in exchange for initiating a conflict with the US to keep it distracted from declaring war on Germany.
The problem was that Great Britain read the
contents and reported immediately, as a consequence the US declared war on Germany and entered World War I.
zimmersman telegram
111
an armed confrontation that took place in Mexico from 1926 to 1929, between the Cristeros and the military due to a modification to the Penal Code of the Constitution by
Plutarco Elias Calles, where religious
limitation was sought, violating the right to
freedom of expression.
This war left thousands of human losses, a
second Cristero War and due to the
migration generated by the confrontation,
institutions such as the League for the
Defense of Liberty and the Popular Union
were created.
cristero war
112
Conflict fought between the USA and Spain in 1898 caused by the Cuban war of independence since the USA had economic interests in Cuba and was worried about the impact of the war on its investments in the country. Another cause was the sinking of the USS Maine, a US battleship stationed in Havana, Cuba, and the US. The war ended the Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in the US acquisition of territories in western Pacific and Latin America, thanks to the signing of the Treaty of Paris, which granted the USA control of
Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. It also
caused the rise of the US as a global power and had a great impact in Cuba, which gained its
independence from Spain but was later occupied by the USA until 1902.
spanish american war
113
negotiations between the Panamanian and
the American government regarding the cession of the control of the channel to local authorities. It was caused because Panama was looking to
transfer the control of the canal from the USA to
them and to improve the relations between these 2 countries. As a consequence, Panama managed to get control of the canal transferred to it, relations improved, had a good economic impact and gained a bit of political controversy.
torrijos carter treaty
114
It is the predecessor of the United Nations. It was an international organization created in 1919 in response to the devastation caused by World War 1 to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and
security. Some antecedents of this organization were the Hague Conferences and the Idea of collective security, both of them intending to prevent a future war and promote international peace. Even though, had more negative consequences than positive, like economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and primarily contributed to World War II.
league of nations
115
It was the entrance ticket of Mexico into the League of Nations. These were agreements in which the Mexican government responded to the demand of the American population for the damages caused by the Mexican Revolution. Alvaro Obregon wanted the USA to recognize his presidency, and this would only happen if a treaty was established, where Mexico
would guarantee the property rights of foreigners and their oil companies in Mexican territory. As a consequence, article 27 of the constitution would only count for events from 1917, people considered this treaty as a betrayal of national sovereignty by compromising the economic and political development of Mexico.
the bucareli theory
116
It was the major factor in the start of the Great
Depression. Before the Crash, the American economy had experienced a decade of prosperity and growth but 1929 a series of events caused widespread panic among investors and led to a sharp decline in stock
prices. On "Black Thursday, " there was a massive selloff on the stock market, the selling continued and the stock market lost even more value in the following weeks and months.
As consequence, the Great Depression and some other far-reaching ones for the American continent, some of the more significant impacts are economic contraction, bank failures and political instability
crash of 1929
117
The biggest and deadliest war in history during
1939 to 1945 involving more than 30 countries,
divided into the Allies and the Axis. It had been
developing since the First World War, when
Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of
Versailles, this only caused the spread of ultranationalism in germany. This war was influenced and based on the rise of fascism and nazism. The Nazi regime unleashed a war of extermination against slavs, jews and other races that Hitler considered inferior according to their ideologies, causing a lot of devastation and loss of millions of lives. After this, the UN was created and one of the most important, it contributed to the emergence of the Cold War.
world war II
118
is an international organization founded in 1945 just after the end of the Second World War with the purpose of promoting international cooperation and preventing another global conflict. This was first proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in his Fourteen Points speech in 1918 and continued what the League of Nations couldn't. As a consequence wars like the last two have actually been prevented to this day, at the same time that more protection of human rights has been sought
the beginning of the UN
