Parasomnias

Question 1

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disordersd

Answer 1

Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode, accompanied by either one of the following:

1. Sleepwalking: Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about. While sleepwalking, the individual has a blank, staring face; is relatively un­ responsive to the efforts of others to communicate with him or her; and can be awakened only with great difficulty.
2. Sleep terrors: Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror arousals from sleep, usually be­ ginning with a panicky scream. There is intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal, such as mydriasis, tachycardia, rapid breathing, and sweating, during each episode. There is relative unresponsiveness to efforts of others to comfort the individual during the episodes.

B. No or little (e.g.,only a single visual scene) dream imagery is called.

C. Amnesia for the episodes is present.

Question 2

Nightmare Disorder

Answer 2

A. Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the second half of the major sleep episode.
On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the individual rapidly becomes oriented and alert