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MSF Parasitology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Type of host where parasite attains sexual maturity

A

Definitive host (TOPHUNCH)

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2
Q

Type of host where parasite is at asexual or larval stage

A

Intermediate host (TOPHUNCH)

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3
Q

Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

Autoinfection (TOPHUNCH)

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4
Q

Most invasive species of Entamoeba

A

E. histolytica (TOPHUNCH)

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5
Q

Virulence factors of Entamoeba

A

Lectin (adherence) Amebapores (penetration) Cysteine proteases (CPE) (TOPHUNCH)

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6
Q

Flask shaped colon ulcers

A

Amebic colitis

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7
Q

Anchovy paste-like aspirate

A

Amebic liver abscess

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8
Q

DOC for amoeba cyst carrier

A

Diloxanide

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9
Q

DOC for amebic colitis, amebic liver abscess

A

Metronidazole

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10
Q

Falling leaf motility

A

Giardia lamblia: fecal-oral, infective cysts

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11
Q

DOC for Giardia infection

A

Metronidazole

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12
Q

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, excessive flatus smelling like rotten eggs

A

Acute Giardia infection

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13
Q

Constipation, weight loss, steatorrhea

A

Chronic Giardia infection

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14
Q

Acid fast protozoa

A

Cryptosporidium parvum: fecal-oral, infective thick-walled oocysts, AUTOINFECTION in immunocompromised (CD4<200)

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15
Q

DOC for Cryptosporidium

A

Nitazoxanide

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16
Q

Strawberry cervix, greenish foul-smelling vaginal discharge

A

Metronidazole

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17
Q

DOC for Trichomoniasis

A

Metronidazole

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18
Q

Asexual: schizogony, gametogony; Sexual: sporogony

A

Plasmodium: Anopheles vector, infective sporozoites, diagnostic trophozoites (ring form)

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19
Q

Diseases immune to malaria

A

G6PD, Sickle cell

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20
Q

Benign quartan fever

A

Plasmodium malariae (72hrs)

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21
Q

Malignant tertian fever

A

P. falciparum: 48hrs, banana-shaped gametocytes, cerebral malaria, recrudescence, NO relapse, many drug resistance

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22
Q

Benign tertian fever

A

P. vivax, P. ovale: 48hrs, YES Relapse, round gametocytes (vivax large, ovale small)

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23
Q

Diagnosis for Malaria

A

Thin and thick smears with Giemsa, highest yield sample taken during fever or 2-3hrs after peak

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24
Q

Maurer dots

A

coarse granulations, falciparum (coMMa-shaped, falciparuM)

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25
Q

Schuffner dots

A

punctate granulations, ovale vivax (SOVrang daming dots!)

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26
Q

Ziemann dots

A

fine dots, malariae

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27
Q

constipation, weight loss, steatorrhea

A

cerebral malaria (TOPHUNCH)

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28
Q

Blackwater fever

A

acute renal failure in malaria (TOPHUNCH)

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29
Q

Algid malaria

A

septic shock in malaria (TOPHUNCH)

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30
Q

DOC for falciparum and malariae

A

Chloroquine

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31
Q

DOC for vivax and ovale

A

Chloroquine + Primaquine

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32
Q

Drug for severe cases or pregnant malaria patients

A

Quinidine or quinine

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33
Q

Malarial drug responsible for eradication of hypnozoites

A

Primaquine

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34
Q

Atovaquone-Proguanil

A

Malarone (alternative drug for uncomplicated, chloroquine-resistant falciparum)

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35
Q

Prophylaxis for malaria without resistance

A

Chloroquine

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36
Q

Prophylaxis for malaria with resistance to DOC

A

Malarone, Mefloquine

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37
Q

Prophylaxis for malaria with MDR

A

Doxycycline

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38
Q

Prophylaxis for terminal vivax and ovale infections

A

Primaquine

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39
Q

Heterophil-negative mononucleosis, tachyzoites, bradyzoites (diagnostic stage), preferred diagnostic test is IgM antibody

A

Toxoplasma gondii: definitive host domestic cat, transmission ingestion of cysts in raw meat and contaminated food, transplacentally

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40
Q

Hydrocephalic neonate, encephaitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly, abortion, stillbirth

A

Congenital toxoplasmosis (Recall TORCH); HP: intracranial calcifications

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41
Q

DOC for Toxoplasmosis

A

Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine

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42
Q

Vector for disease causing megacolon and megaesophagus in its chronic disease state

A

Reduviid bug (Triatoma) vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, Infective Metacyclic Trypomastigote, Cardiac muscle most frequently and severely affected tissue

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43
Q

Romana sign

A

Periorbital edema in Acute Chagas Disease, along with Chagoma (nodules forming near the bug bite)

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44
Q

DOC for Chagas disease

A

Nifurtimox

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45
Q

Vector for disease causing cyclical fever spike (q2 weeks), demyelinating encephalitis in ARAS, brainstem, causing somnolence, coma and death

A

Tsetse fly (Glossina) vector for Trypanosoma brucei

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46
Q

Winterbottom sign, Kerandel sign, Mott cells

A

African sleeping sickness; Winterbottom: posterior CLAD, Kerandel: hyperesthesia, Mott: plasma cells with cytoplasmic Ig globules causing encephalitis

47
Q

DOC for African Sleeping Sickness

A

Suramin (for blood-borne), Melarsoprol (CNS penetration). It SURe is nice to go to SLEEP. MELAtonin helps with SLEEP. (TOPHUNCH)

48
Q

Pyradinium bahamense

A

Dinoflagellate causing red tide

49
Q

Red tide syndromes and toxins

A

Paralytic: Saxitoxin (15mins, facial paresthesia, respiratory failure); Neurotoxic: Brevetoxin (15mins, facial paresthesia, ataxia, slurred speech); Diarrhetic: Okadaic acid (30mins, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abd pain); Amnesic: Domoic acid (30mins, diarrhea, st memory loss, seizures)

50
Q

DOC for red tide

A

Neostigmine and edrophonium to improve muscle weakness AFTER ABCs and gastric lavage with activated charcoal

51
Q

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis

A

Acanthamoeba castellanii

52
Q

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis

A

Naegleria fowleri

53
Q

Only ciliated protozoan to cause human dusease, associated with pigs, causes round-based wide-necked intestinal ulcers

A

Balantidium coli (Balantidial dysentery)

54
Q

Vector in Babesiosis

A

Ixodes tick for Babesia microti; Maltese cross = intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads

55
Q

DOC for Leishmaniasis

A

Stibo gluconate; Vector: sandfly (Phlebotomus); Leishmania donovani (kala-azar), tropica (cutaneous), brazieliensis (mucocutaneous)

56
Q

DOC for Taenia solium, Taenia saginatum, Diphyllobotrium latum

A

Praziquantel

57
Q

DOC for Echinococcus granulosus

A

Albendazole

58
Q

Rostellum present

A

Taenia solium (pork): uterine branches in gravid proglottid 5-10 (vs. 15-25 in saginata and 3 in Echinococcus)

59
Q

Taenia that can cross blood brain barrier and cause seizures

A

Taenia solium (pork) causes Neurocysticercosis, with bonus worms in vitreous humor

60
Q

Infective stage of fish tapeworm

A

Plerocercoid larvae

61
Q

Vitamin deficiency and anemia associated with D. latum

A

B12 deficiency, megaloblastic

62
Q

Dog as definitive host, infective Embryonated egg, hydatid cysts are diagnostic, cysts deposit in liver, lungs, and brain, and when these rupture = anaphylaxis. Causative organism?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

63
Q

PAIR procedure for Echinococcus

A

Puncture Aspiration Injection Reaspiration

64
Q

Most common tapeworm in developed countries, dwarf tapeworm, with eggs that are directly infectious

A

Hymenolepsis nana: polar filaments, six-hooked larva

65
Q

Rat tapeworm

A

Hymenolepsis diminuta

66
Q

Barrel-shaped proglottids, most common tapeworm of dogs and cats

A

Dipylidium caninum

67
Q

DOC for Taenia solium, Taenia saginatum, Diphyllobotrium latum

A

Praziquantel

68
Q

DOC for Schistosoma, Paragonimus, Clonorchis

A

Praziquantel

69
Q

Intermediate host for Schistosoma

A

Oncomelania hapensis quadrasi

70
Q

Intermediate host for Paragonimus

A

Antemelania asperata

71
Q

Systemic hypersensitivity resembling serum sickness in the acute disease form of Schistosoma

A

Katayama fever; itching and dermatitis also present = swimmer’s itch

72
Q

Radiographic hallmark of Schistosoma

A

Lace-like lesions in liver

73
Q

Raw crab source, diagnosed using 3% NaOH preparation

A

Paragonimus

74
Q

Radiographic hallmark of Paragonimus

A

Ring-shadowed opacity in CXR

75
Q

Infective stage of Schistosoma, Paragonimus, Clonorchis

A

Metacercariae

76
Q

Diagnosis for Clonorchis, the Asian liver fluke (hyperplasia and fibrosis of biliary tract)

A

Embryonated egg from direct fecal smear, potassium permanganate stain “melon-like ridges”

77
Q

Obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis from eating watercress

A

Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke)

78
Q

Anasarca and coma (worm intoxication), gland abscesses from eating aquatic vegetation

A

Fasciolopsis buski (intestinal fluke)

79
Q

Intestinal fluke that mimics PUD, from eating raw fish containing cysts

A

Heterophyes heterophyes (always gaya-gaya ang Phye, pati ulcer ginaya)

80
Q

DOC for Ascaris, Ancyclostoma and Necator, Capillaria

A

Albendazole

81
Q

DOC for Trichuris

A

Mebendazole

82
Q

DOC for the cosmopolitan worm (most common helminth in developed countries)

A

Pyrantel pamoate for Enterobius

83
Q

Infective stage for Ascariasis and Necator/Ancyclostoma

A

Embryonated egg (Ascaris), Filariform larvae (for the hookworms)

84
Q

___ itch at site of entry, common for nematodes capable of penetrating the skin

A

“Ground itch”. Hookworms and Strongyloides capable of penetrating skin, both their infective stage (filariform larvae) form serpiginous tracks (cutaneous larva migrans). If they decide to pass by the lungs = eosinophilic pneumonia

85
Q

Anemia caused by the hookworms, due to loss of 0.25ml/day/worm

A

Microcytic anemia, plus a freebie: hypoalbuminemia

86
Q

Barrel-shaped eggs with bipolar plugs “Chinese lantern egg” on Kato-Katz

A

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm); DO NOT CAUSE anemia, but RECTAL PROLAPSE (which do you prefer?)

87
Q

DOC for whipworms

A

Mebendazole; Masakit/Masarap Ma-whip! (whichever you prefer)

88
Q

D-shaped eggs of Enterobius detected using this specific technique

A

Graham’s Scotch Tape technique (because the eggs aren’t in the stools, they’re stuck in your perianal folds)

89
Q

DOC for Enterobius

A

Pyrantel pamoate for Enterobius

90
Q

Diagnosis of Strongyloides

A

Harada-Mori filter paper culture

91
Q

DOC for Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Ivermectin

92
Q

Organisms that mimic TB

A

Paragonimus, Histoplasma

93
Q

Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird

A

Capillaria philippinensis: infective larvae, diagnostic unembryonated eggs (peanut-shaped with flattened bipolar plugs) upon Kato-katz.

94
Q

If egg gets embryonated, autoinfection and hyperinfection causes ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes (severe malabsorption), “protein losing enteropathy”

A

Capillaria philippinensis

95
Q

DOC for Capillaria

A

Albendazole (like Roundworm and Hookworms)

96
Q

Elephantiasis, limb lymphatics, Southeast Asia, kinky, terminal nuclei present, Mansonia vector, less severe

A

Brugia malayi

97
Q

Hydrocoele, scrotal lymphatics, Culex Aedes Anopheles, smoothly curved, absent terminal nuclei, more severe

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

98
Q

Infective stage in Filariasis

A

3rd stage larva “L3”; Diagnosis: 1. Thick blood smear (is microfilariae curved? Kinky?) with sample obtained at night due to Nocturnal Periodicity 2. DEC provocation test

99
Q

Small epitheliod granulomas causing nocturnal wheezing (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia) in acute filariasis

A

Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies

100
Q

Only area of Mindanao without Schistosoma

A

Misamis Oriental

101
Q

DOC in Filariasis

A

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

102
Q

Tissue nematode, pigs as intermediate host, undercooked pork transmission. Muscle Biopsy for diagnosis, Nurse cell (encysted in muscle)

A

Trichinella spiralis (periorbital edema, hemorrhagic phenomena, myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis)

103
Q

DOC in Trichinella

A

Thiabendazole

104
Q

River blindness, hanging groin, lizard skin, female blackfly (Simulium)

A

Onchocerca volvulus

105
Q

DOC in Onchocerca

A

Ivermectin (same with Strongyloides); lysis of worms causes Mazotti reaction, pretty same as Jarisch-Herxheimer

106
Q

Calabar swellings (subcutaneous edema), worm crawling across the conjunctiva, deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops)

A

Loa Loa

107
Q

Guinea fire worm, pruritic painful papule, live worm in skin ulcer, treatment is mechanical removal of the worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

108
Q

Dog ascaris, visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, uveitis, endophthalmitis

A

Toxocara canis

109
Q

Most common cause of parasitic (eosinophilic) meningitis, undercooked seafood

A

Angiostrongylus cantonensis

110
Q

Lice

A

Pediculus humanis and Phthirus pubis

111
Q

Flies

A

Dermatobia hominis

112
Q

Bedbugs

A

Cimex lectularius (erythematous wheal)

113
Q

Mites

A

Sarcoptes scabei (erythematous papules, linear tracks)

114
Q

Ticks

A

Dermacentor (ascending paralysis)

MSF Parasitology (1 decks)

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