Parasitology

Question 1

Types of endoparasites

Answer 1

1. Obligate: cannot exist without a parasitic life in the host (e.g.,Plasmodium)
2. Facultative: can live a parasitic life or free-living life, when the opportunity arises (e.g., Acanthamoeba)
3. Accidental: infect an unusual host (e.g., Echinococcus granulosus infect
   humans)
4. Aberrant or wandering: infect a host where they cannot live or develop further (e.g., Toxocara in humans)

Question 2

Types of host

Answer 2

1. Definitive:
 where sexual reproduction occurs
2. Intermediate:
 where asexual reproduction occurs
3. Reservoir:
4. Paratenic: 
 parasite lives but it cannot develop further and not essential for its life cycle 
5. Amplifier

Question 3

Anthroponoses

Answer 3

The infection transmitted from one infected man to another man is called as anthroponoses
Animal counterpart is called zoonoses

Question 4

Transmission of parasites

Answer 4

1. Man
2. Animal
3. Vectors
4. Contaminated soil and water
5. Raw or under cooked meat
6. Other sources

Question 5

Modes of transmission of parasites

Answer 5

1. Oral or faeco-oral route
2. Penetration of the skin and mucous membranes
3. Sexual contact
4. Bite of vectors
5. Vertical transmission
6. Blood transfusion
7. Autoinfection

Question 6

Infection immunity/
Premunition/
Concomitant immunity/
Incomplete immunity

Answer 6

Immunity lasts till the original infection remains active and prevents further infection
This is observed in malaria, schistosomiasis, trichinellosis, toxoplasmosis and Chagas’ disease.

Question 7

Newborns are protected from falciparum malaria because

Answer 7

Newborns are protected from falciparum malaria because of high concentration of fetal haemoglobin