Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two classes of endoparasites
A
Helminths and Protozoa
2
Q
Helminths include what two classes of worms
A
Platyhelminths (flatworms) and Nematodes (round worms)
3
Q
What are the Two kinds of flatworm
A
Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)
4
Q
which of class of parasite are ectoparasites
A
arthropods
5
Q
The plague is caused due to which bacteria?
A
Yersinia Pestis
6
Q
How is the plaque spread
A
Fleas and Rats
7
Q
How is Tuberculosis spread?
A
respiratory droplets
8
Q
Lassa virus causes
A
Hemorrhagic fever
9
Q
Lassa Virus is spread via
A
Rats
10
Q
Humans can contract lassa virus via
A
objects contaminated with infected rat urine or faeces.
11
Q
West nile virus is spread by which vector
A
mosquito
12
Q
SARS stands for
A
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
13
Q
Malaria is caused by which species of parasite
A
Plasmodium
14
Q
Malaria is spred via
A
mosquito
15
Q
Leishmaniasis is caused by which parasite
A
Leishmania parasite
16
Q
Leishmaniasis infects humans via
A
Sand fly bite
17
Q
Tripanosoma infection is commonly called
A
Sleeping sickness
18
Q
Tripanosoma is spread via
A
Tetse fly
19
Q
Guinea worm is a common name for which parasite sp
A
Dracunculus
20
Q
Dracunculus drives the host to what?
A
Drink water
21
Q
Toxoplasmosis is caused by
A
Toxoplasma
22
Q
The definitive host of toxoplasma are
A
Cats
23
Q
Intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma are
A
Rats and Birds
24
Q
Fasciola hepatica is commonly called
A
The Sheep fluke
25
The intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is
Snail (in aquatic environment)
26
The definitive host of Fasciola hepatica is
Sheep
27
clonorchis sinensis is commonly called
The Chinese liver fluke
28
The intermediate host for clonorchis sinensis is
Snails and FIsh
29
The definitive Host of clonorchis sinensis is
Humans
30
Humans can become infected with clonorchis sinensis by
Eating undercooked fish that is infected.
31
The intermediate host of schistosomiasis is
snail
32
the Definitive host of schistosomiasis is
human
33
Hymenolepis nana is commonly called
Dwarf tapeworm
34
the intermediate host of hymenolepis nana is
Doesnt require an intermediate host
35
The definitive host of hymenolepis nana is
Humans (sometimes Rats)
36
hymenolepis nana is involved in
autoinfection
37
Taenia saginata is commonly called the
beef tapeworm
38
Taenia solium is commonly called the
Pork tapeworm
39
The intermediate host of Taenia Saginata is
Cow
40
The intermediate host of Taenia Solium is
Sheep
41
The definitive host for Taenia species is
Humans
42
The intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus is
sheep, goat and swine
43
The definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus is
Dogs
44
Enterobius vermicularis is commonly called
Pinworm
45
The definitive host of Enterobius vermicularis is
Humans
46
Trichuris trichuria is commonly called
Whipworm
47
Ascaris lumbricoides is commonly called
large round worm
48
Ancylostoma duodenale is commonly called
Hookworm
49
Strongyloides stercoralis is involved in
auto infection.
50
Non pathogenic intestinal amoeba includes
E.hartmanni
E.coli
Endoliomax nana
51
Entamoeba histolytica / dispar are pathogenic intestinal
amoeba
52
Humans can be infected with Entamoeba histolytica / dispar by
ingestion of mature cysts in contaminated food water and objects.
53
Non-invasive Entamoeba infection is caused by which species
dispar
- Trophozoites remain in the lumen of the intestine
- Asymptomatic
- Cyst in stool
54
Invasive Entamoeba infection is caused by which species
Histolytica
- Trophozoites invade intestinal mucosa causing dysentry
- Extra-intestinal infection can occur
55
Are E. histolytica and E.dispar distinguishable via morphology
no
56
How can you distinguish E. histolytica and E.dispar?
Only via morphology is observed with ingested RBC
57
How are E. histolytica and E.dispar diagnosed
- Visualisation of cysts and trophozoites in faeces (they have four or less nuclei)
- EIA
- PCR --> for speciation
58
How are E. histolytica and E.dispar treated
Paramomycin (asymptomatic)
| Metronidazole and inidazole then paramomycin and iodoquinol (symptomatic infection)
59
what is the definitive host of E. histolytica and E.dispar
Humans
60
Pathogenic intestinal flagellates include
Giardia and Dientamoeba fragilis
61
Dientamoeba fragilis is transmitted by
oral-faecal route
62
Dientamoeba fragilis infection is said to be linked with which other parasites
nematode eggs e.g Ascaris
63
What stage of Dientamoeba fragilis is found in the faeces
Only trophozoites in the faeces
64
what is the treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis
Iodoquinol and metronidazole
65
What is the definitive host of Dientamoeba fragilis
humans
66
Pathogenic intestinal ciliates include
Balantidum coli
67
Balantidum coli is found in
pigs rodents and non-human primates
68
Balantidum coli causes
dysentry
69
Balantidum coli is diagnosed via
trophozoites in stool
| cysts are less common and need concentration methods
70
Humans can be infected with Balantidum coli via
ingestion of contaminated food and water
71
what is the treatment of Balantidum coli
Tetracycline
| Iodoquinol and metronidazole
72
is Blastocystis hominis a pathogen
debated
73
Blastocystis hominis is acquired by humans via
ingesting contaminated food and water
74
Blastocystis hominis causes what symptoms
mostly asymptomatic
75
the thick walled Blastocystis hominis is involved in
infection
76
thin walled Blastocystis hominis is involved in
auto infection
77
Blastocystis hominis is diagnosed by
precysts in the faeces
| note: there is a large size variation (6-40um)
78
Microsporidia are
obligate intracellular spore forming parasites
79
Microsporidia is diagnosed by
Transmission Electron microscopy
80
Pathogenic intestinal coccida (and sporozoa) include
Isospora belli
Cyclospora cayentanesis
sarcocystis
Crytosporidium
81
Isospora belli affects which group of people
immunocompromised / immunodepressed
82
one clinical sign of Isospora belli is
eosinophilia
| note: this is not seen in any other protozoa
83
how is Isospora belli diagnosed
Epifluorescence (autofluorescence of the cell wall under UV light)
visualisation of cysts
84
what is the treatment of Isospora belli infection
CTX and CIP
85
Cyclospora cayentanesis is spread how
oocysts become infective and develop in the environment
86
Cyclospora cayentanesis can last up to months in which group of people
immunocompromised
| 9-40 days in the immunocompetent
87
diagnosis of Cyclospora cayentanesis is via
Epifluorescence (autofluorescence of the cell wall under UV light)
visualisation of cysts
88
treatment of Cyclospora cayentanesis includes
CTX and CIP
89
Crytosporidium can infect
humans and animals
90
the thick walled oocyst of Crytosporidium is
excreted by the host
91
the thin walled oocyst of Crytosporidium is involved in
autoinfection
92
Crytosporidium infection is more severe in which group
immunocompromised
93
Crytosporidium is diagnosed by
visualisation of oocysts
AF stain
immunofluorescence
94
the definitive host of sarcocystis
Humans
| can be species which infect other animals (in this case humans are dead end hosts)
95
what is the intermediate host of S.bovihominis
cow
96
what is the intermediate host of S.suihominis
pig
97
humans are infected by sarcocystis via
eating undercooked meat containing oocysts.
98
what is the treatment for sarcocystis
there is no treatment
99
how is sarcocystis diagnosed
oocysts in faeces, usually in pairs
| Epifluorescence
100
what is the common name for Diphylobothrium latum
Fish Tapeworm or Broad Tapeworm
101
what is the definitive host of Diphylobothrium latum
Human (can be other animals)
102
Diphylobothrium latum has three intermediate hosts what are they
crustacean
fish
predatory fish
103
Diphylobothrium latum grows at a rate of how many cm per day
22
104
Common names for Dipylidum Canium include
cucumber tapeworm
flea tapeworm
double pored dog tapewrom
105
the definite host of Dipylidum Canium is
Dogs
106
the intermediate host fo Dipylidum Canium is
fleas
107
Dipylidum Canium can be diagnosed by
proglottids in faeces or underwear
108
Trichostrongylus species are what in humans
incidental infection
109
eggs of Trichostrongylus hatch and what form of larvae is present
Rhabditiform
110
The rhabiditiform larvae of Trichostrongylus develop into infective
Filariform larave
111
Trichostrongylus infects humans via
ingestion of F larvae
112
Paragonimus westermanni is commonly referred to as the
oriental lung fluke
113
Paragonimus westermanni present in humans after
ingestion of undercooked crustaceans
114
Intermediate host of Paragonimus westermanni are
snails and crustaceans
115
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is commonly called
The rat lung worm
116
the definitive host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis is
rats
117
intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis include
snails and slugs
118
humans can be infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis via
ingestion stage three larva
119
Angiostrongylus cantonensis can cause what in humans
eosinophilic meningitis
| ocular angiostrongyliasis
120
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is diagnosed by
```
detection of parasite
hx of travel and ingestion of snails
eosinophilia in PB
eosinophils in CSF
Serology
```
121
Zoonotic hookworms include what species
ancylostoma
122
the definitive host of Zoonotic hookworms are
Dogs and Cats
123
humans can become infected by Zoonotic hookworms when
Filariform larvae penetrate the skin
124
Zoonotic hookworms can cause what in humans
ground itch "cutaneous larval migrans"
| eosinophilic enteritis
125
Zoonotic hookworms can be diagnosed via
clinically diagnosing cutaneous larval migrans
126
Toxascariasis is caused by which parasite
Toxocara canis
127
what is the definitive host of Toxocara canis
dog
128
Toxocara canis can involve
paratenic hosts
129
how are humans infected with Toxocara canis
accidental ingestion of infective eggs in contaminated soil or ingestion of paratenic host
130
what does Toxocara canis cause in humans
Visceral larval migrans (VLM)
| Ocular larval migrans (OLM)
131
How is Toxocara canis diagnosed
VLM, OLM with history of puppies, eosinophilia and finding toxocara
Antibody detection
Serology
132
Toxoplasmosis is caused by what parasite
Toxoplasma gondii
133
Toxoplasma gondii has which definitive host
cats
134
what are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii
rats and birds
135
How can humans become infected with Toxoplasma gondii
ingestion contaminated food or water
blood transfusion
transplacental
eating meat of intermediate hosts
136
how is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed
parasite in patient sample
PCR positive
serology
antibody detection --> IgG (historic infection) and IgM (recent exposure).
137
Fascioliasis hepatica is commonly called
sheep liver fluke
138
The definitive host of Fascioliasis hepatica is
sheep
139
the intermediate host of Fascioliasis hepatica is
snail (then cysts are on water plants)
140
how are humans infected with Fascioliasis hepatica
ingesting metacercariae containing freshwater plants
141
how is Fascioliasis hepatica diagnosed in humans
identification of eggs
eggs found in stool of duodenal / billary drainage
Note the acute infection can precede the eggs hence immunodiagnostic tests are sued
142
what is the definitive host of Echinocossus granulosa
dogs
143
what are the intermediate host of Echinocossus granulosa
herbivores i.e sheep
144
humans can be infected by Echinocossus granulosa when
humans accidentally ingest eggs via dog-human contact.
145
what does Echinocossus granulosa cause in humans
echinococcus: granulosus, multiocularis and vogeli
| they cause cysts which can attain blood.
