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Advanced Medical Microbiology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two classes of endoparasites

A

Helminths and Protozoa

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2
Q

Helminths include what two classes of worms

A

Platyhelminths (flatworms) and Nematodes (round worms)

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3
Q

What are the Two kinds of flatworm

A

Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)

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4
Q

which of class of parasite are ectoparasites

A

arthropods

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5
Q

The plague is caused due to which bacteria?

A

Yersinia Pestis

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6
Q

How is the plaque spread

A

Fleas and Rats

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7
Q

How is Tuberculosis spread?

A

respiratory droplets

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8
Q

Lassa virus causes

A

Hemorrhagic fever

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9
Q

Lassa Virus is spread via

A

Rats

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10
Q

Humans can contract lassa virus via

A

objects contaminated with infected rat urine or faeces.

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11
Q

West nile virus is spread by which vector

A

mosquito

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12
Q

SARS stands for

A

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

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13
Q

Malaria is caused by which species of parasite

A

Plasmodium

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14
Q

Malaria is spred via

A

mosquito

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15
Q

Leishmaniasis is caused by which parasite

A

Leishmania parasite

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16
Q

Leishmaniasis infects humans via

A

Sand fly bite

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17
Q

Tripanosoma infection is commonly called

A

Sleeping sickness

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18
Q

Tripanosoma is spread via

A

Tetse fly

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19
Q

Guinea worm is a common name for which parasite sp

A

Dracunculus

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20
Q

Dracunculus drives the host to what?

A

Drink water

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21
Q

Toxoplasmosis is caused by

A

Toxoplasma

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22
Q

The definitive host of toxoplasma are

A

Cats

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23
Q

Intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma are

A

Rats and Birds

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24
Q

Fasciola hepatica is commonly called

A

The Sheep fluke

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25
Q

The intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica is

A

Snail (in aquatic environment)

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26
Q

The definitive host of Fasciola hepatica is

A

Sheep

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27
Q

clonorchis sinensis is commonly called

A

The Chinese liver fluke

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28
Q

The intermediate host for clonorchis sinensis is

A

Snails and FIsh

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29
Q

The definitive Host of clonorchis sinensis is

A

Humans

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30
Q

Humans can become infected with clonorchis sinensis by

A

Eating undercooked fish that is infected.

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31
Q

The intermediate host of schistosomiasis is

A

snail

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32
Q

the Definitive host of schistosomiasis is

A

human

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33
Q

Hymenolepis nana is commonly called

A

Dwarf tapeworm

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34
Q

the intermediate host of hymenolepis nana is

A

Doesnt require an intermediate host

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35
Q

The definitive host of hymenolepis nana is

A

Humans (sometimes Rats)

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36
Q

hymenolepis nana is involved in

A

autoinfection

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37
Q

Taenia saginata is commonly called the

A

beef tapeworm

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38
Q

Taenia solium is commonly called the

A

Pork tapeworm

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39
Q

The intermediate host of Taenia Saginata is

A

Cow

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40
Q

The intermediate host of Taenia Solium is

A

Sheep

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41
Q

The definitive host for Taenia species is

A

Humans

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42
Q

The intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus is

A

sheep, goat and swine

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43
Q

The definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus is

A

Dogs

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44
Q

Enterobius vermicularis is commonly called

A

Pinworm

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45
Q

The definitive host of Enterobius vermicularis is

A

Humans

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46
Q

Trichuris trichuria is commonly called

A

Whipworm

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47
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is commonly called

A

large round worm

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48
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale is commonly called

A

Hookworm

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49
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis is involved in

A

auto infection.

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50
Q

Non pathogenic intestinal amoeba includes

A

E.hartmanni
E.coli
Endoliomax nana

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51
Q

Entamoeba histolytica / dispar are pathogenic intestinal

A

amoeba

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52
Q

Humans can be infected with Entamoeba histolytica / dispar by

A

ingestion of mature cysts in contaminated food water and objects.

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53
Q

Non-invasive Entamoeba infection is caused by which species

A

dispar

  • Trophozoites remain in the lumen of the intestine
  • Asymptomatic
  • Cyst in stool
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54
Q

Invasive Entamoeba infection is caused by which species

A

Histolytica

  • Trophozoites invade intestinal mucosa causing dysentry
  • Extra-intestinal infection can occur
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55
Q

Are E. histolytica and E.dispar distinguishable via morphology

A

no

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56
Q

How can you distinguish E. histolytica and E.dispar?

A

Only via morphology is observed with ingested RBC

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57
Q

How are E. histolytica and E.dispar diagnosed

A
  • Visualisation of cysts and trophozoites in faeces (they have four or less nuclei)
  • EIA
  • PCR –> for speciation
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58
Q

How are E. histolytica and E.dispar treated

A

Paramomycin (asymptomatic)

Metronidazole and inidazole then paramomycin and iodoquinol (symptomatic infection)

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59
Q

what is the definitive host of E. histolytica and E.dispar

A

Humans

60
Q

Pathogenic intestinal flagellates include

A

Giardia and Dientamoeba fragilis

61
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis is transmitted by

A

oral-faecal route

62
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis infection is said to be linked with which other parasites

A

nematode eggs e.g Ascaris

63
Q

What stage of Dientamoeba fragilis is found in the faeces

A

Only trophozoites in the faeces

64
Q

what is the treatment for Dientamoeba fragilis

A

Iodoquinol and metronidazole

65
Q

What is the definitive host of Dientamoeba fragilis

A

humans

66
Q

Pathogenic intestinal ciliates include

A

Balantidum coli

67
Q

Balantidum coli is found in

A

pigs rodents and non-human primates

68
Q

Balantidum coli causes

A

dysentry

69
Q

Balantidum coli is diagnosed via

A

trophozoites in stool

cysts are less common and need concentration methods

70
Q

Humans can be infected with Balantidum coli via

A

ingestion of contaminated food and water

71
Q

what is the treatment of Balantidum coli

A

Tetracycline

Iodoquinol and metronidazole

72
Q

is Blastocystis hominis a pathogen

A

debated

73
Q

Blastocystis hominis is acquired by humans via

A

ingesting contaminated food and water

74
Q

Blastocystis hominis causes what symptoms

A

mostly asymptomatic

75
Q

the thick walled Blastocystis hominis is involved in

A

infection

76
Q

thin walled Blastocystis hominis is involved in

A

auto infection

77
Q

Blastocystis hominis is diagnosed by

A

precysts in the faeces

note: there is a large size variation (6-40um)

78
Q

Microsporidia are

A

obligate intracellular spore forming parasites

79
Q

Microsporidia is diagnosed by

A

Transmission Electron microscopy

80
Q

Pathogenic intestinal coccida (and sporozoa) include

A

Isospora belli
Cyclospora cayentanesis
sarcocystis
Crytosporidium

81
Q

Isospora belli affects which group of people

A

immunocompromised / immunodepressed

82
Q

one clinical sign of Isospora belli is

A

eosinophilia

note: this is not seen in any other protozoa

83
Q

how is Isospora belli diagnosed

A

Epifluorescence (autofluorescence of the cell wall under UV light)

visualisation of cysts

84
Q

what is the treatment of Isospora belli infection

A

CTX and CIP

85
Q

Cyclospora cayentanesis is spread how

A

oocysts become infective and develop in the environment

86
Q

Cyclospora cayentanesis can last up to months in which group of people

A

immunocompromised

9-40 days in the immunocompetent

87
Q

diagnosis of Cyclospora cayentanesis is via

A

Epifluorescence (autofluorescence of the cell wall under UV light)

visualisation of cysts

88
Q

treatment of Cyclospora cayentanesis includes

A

CTX and CIP

89
Q

Crytosporidium can infect

A

humans and animals

90
Q

the thick walled oocyst of Crytosporidium is

A

excreted by the host

91
Q

the thin walled oocyst of Crytosporidium is involved in

A

autoinfection

92
Q

Crytosporidium infection is more severe in which group

A

immunocompromised

93
Q

Crytosporidium is diagnosed by

A

visualisation of oocysts
AF stain
immunofluorescence

94
Q

the definitive host of sarcocystis

A

Humans

can be species which infect other animals (in this case humans are dead end hosts)

95
Q

what is the intermediate host of S.bovihominis

A

cow

96
Q

what is the intermediate host of S.suihominis

A

pig

97
Q

humans are infected by sarcocystis via

A

eating undercooked meat containing oocysts.

98
Q

what is the treatment for sarcocystis

A

there is no treatment

99
Q

how is sarcocystis diagnosed

A

oocysts in faeces, usually in pairs

Epifluorescence

100
Q

what is the common name for Diphylobothrium latum

A

Fish Tapeworm or Broad Tapeworm

101
Q

what is the definitive host of Diphylobothrium latum

A

Human (can be other animals)

102
Q

Diphylobothrium latum has three intermediate hosts what are they

A

crustacean
fish
predatory fish

103
Q

Diphylobothrium latum grows at a rate of how many cm per day

A

22

104
Q

Common names for Dipylidum Canium include

A

cucumber tapeworm
flea tapeworm
double pored dog tapewrom

105
Q

the definite host of Dipylidum Canium is

A

Dogs

106
Q

the intermediate host fo Dipylidum Canium is

A

fleas

107
Q

Dipylidum Canium can be diagnosed by

A

proglottids in faeces or underwear

108
Q

Trichostrongylus species are what in humans

A

incidental infection

109
Q

eggs of Trichostrongylus hatch and what form of larvae is present

A

Rhabditiform

110
Q

The rhabiditiform larvae of Trichostrongylus develop into infective

A

Filariform larave

111
Q

Trichostrongylus infects humans via

A

ingestion of F larvae

112
Q

Paragonimus westermanni is commonly referred to as the

A

oriental lung fluke

113
Q

Paragonimus westermanni present in humans after

A

ingestion of undercooked crustaceans

114
Q

Intermediate host of Paragonimus westermanni are

A

snails and crustaceans

115
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is commonly called

A

The rat lung worm

116
Q

the definitive host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis is

A

rats

117
Q

intermediate hosts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis include

A

snails and slugs

118
Q

humans can be infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis via

A

ingestion stage three larva

119
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis can cause what in humans

A

eosinophilic meningitis

ocular angiostrongyliasis

120
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is diagnosed by

A 
detection of parasite
hx of travel and ingestion of snails
eosinophilia in PB
eosinophils in CSF
Serology
121
Q

Zoonotic hookworms include what species

A

ancylostoma

122
Q

the definitive host of Zoonotic hookworms are

A

Dogs and Cats

123
Q

humans can become infected by Zoonotic hookworms when

A

Filariform larvae penetrate the skin

124
Q

Zoonotic hookworms can cause what in humans

A

ground itch “cutaneous larval migrans”

eosinophilic enteritis

125
Q

Zoonotic hookworms can be diagnosed via

A

clinically diagnosing cutaneous larval migrans

126
Q

Toxascariasis is caused by which parasite

A

Toxocara canis

127
Q

what is the definitive host of Toxocara canis

A

dog

128
Q

Toxocara canis can involve

A

paratenic hosts

129
Q

how are humans infected with Toxocara canis

A

accidental ingestion of infective eggs in contaminated soil or ingestion of paratenic host

130
Q

what does Toxocara canis cause in humans

A

Visceral larval migrans (VLM)

Ocular larval migrans (OLM)

131
Q

How is Toxocara canis diagnosed

A

VLM, OLM with history of puppies, eosinophilia and finding toxocara
Antibody detection
Serology

132
Q

Toxoplasmosis is caused by what parasite

A

Toxoplasma gondii

133
Q

Toxoplasma gondii has which definitive host

A

cats

134
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of Toxoplasma gondii

A

rats and birds

135
Q

How can humans become infected with Toxoplasma gondii

A

ingestion contaminated food or water
blood transfusion
transplacental
eating meat of intermediate hosts

136
Q

how is Toxoplasma gondii diagnosed

A

parasite in patient sample
PCR positive
serology
antibody detection –> IgG (historic infection) and IgM (recent exposure).

137
Q

Fascioliasis hepatica is commonly called

A

sheep liver fluke

138
Q

The definitive host of Fascioliasis hepatica is

A

sheep

139
Q

the intermediate host of Fascioliasis hepatica is

A

snail (then cysts are on water plants)

140
Q

how are humans infected with Fascioliasis hepatica

A

ingesting metacercariae containing freshwater plants

141
Q

how is Fascioliasis hepatica diagnosed in humans

A

identification of eggs
eggs found in stool of duodenal / billary drainage
Note the acute infection can precede the eggs hence immunodiagnostic tests are sued

142
Q

what is the definitive host of Echinocossus granulosa

A

dogs

143
Q

what are the intermediate host of Echinocossus granulosa

A

herbivores i.e sheep

144
Q

humans can be infected by Echinocossus granulosa when

A

humans accidentally ingest eggs via dog-human contact.

145
Q

what does Echinocossus granulosa cause in humans

A

echinococcus: granulosus, multiocularis and vogeli

they cause cysts which can attain blood.

Advanced Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

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