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Medical Microbiology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q
  1. Define what is a parasite?
A

A parasite is an organism that lives on or in a host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host.

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2
Q
  1. What are the three main classes of parasites that cause disease in humans?
A
  1. Protozoa
  2. Helminths
  3. Ectoparasites.
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3
Q
  1. What is a protozoa?
A

• Protozoa are microscopic, single-celled organisms that can be free- living or parasitic in nature.

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4
Q
  1. What feature of a protozoa parasite allows it to cause serious infections in humans?
A

They are able to multiply in humans allowing serious infections to develop from a single organism.

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5
Q
  1. How are protozoa transmitted in humans?
A

• Protozoa living in the human intestine can be transmitted by the fecal-oral
route

• Protozoa living in blood or tissues are transmitted by an arthropod vector

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6
Q
  1. What feature of protozoa are they classified by?
A

There mode of movement

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7
Q
  1. Give the five classifications of protozoa
A
  1. Amoeba
  2. Flagellates
  3. Ciliates
  4. Sporozoa
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8
Q
  1. Give an example of an Amoeba protozoa?
A

Entamoeba

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9
Q
  1. Give two examples of a flagellate protozoa?
A
  1. Giardia

2. Leishmania

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10
Q
  1. Give an example of a ciliate protozoa?
A

Balantidium

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11
Q
  1. What are Sporozoa protozoa and give two examples?
A

• Sporozoa – organisms whose adult stage is not motile e.g. Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium

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12
Q
  1. List three medically important protozoa infections?
A 
Any three out of :
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Giardia lamblia
• Trichomonas vaginalis
• Malaria (Plasmodium spp.) • Toxoplasma gondii
• Cryptosporidium
• Leishmania spp.
• Trypansoma cruzi
• Trypansoma brucei (gambiense/rhodesiense)
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13
Q
  1. What are Helminths?
A

Helminths are large, multicellular organisms (worms) generally visible to the naked eye in their adult stages.

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14
Q
  1. In their human form can Helminths multiply in humans?
A

NO

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15
Q
  1. What are the three main groups of Helminths in the human parasite?
A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Trematodes (flukes)
  3. Cestodes (tapeworms)
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16
Q
  1. What are three types of medically important Helminths that are nematodes? Give an example for each
A
  1. Soil transmitted Helminths eg Hookworm spp
  2. Filarial parasites eg Loa Loa
  3. Others eg Trichinella Spiralis
17
Q
  1. Give an example of a medically important Helminths that is a trematode?
A

Paragonimus Spp

18
Q
  1. Give an example of a medically important Helminths that is also a cestode?
A

Taenia Solium

19
Q
  1. What are ectoparasites - give some examples?
A

• Blood-sucking arthropods such as ticks, fleas, lice, and mites that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (e.g., weeks to months).


20
Q
  1. What are four types of medically important ectoparasites?
A
  1. Mites
  2. Ticks
  3. Lice
  4. Flies
21
Q
  1. What types of mites are there?
A

Scabies or Trombiculid

22
Q
  1. What types of ticks are there?
A

Hard or soft

23
Q
  1. What types of lice are there?
A
  • Pediculus humanus capitis

* Pediculus humanus humanus

24
Q
  1. Whats an example of the flies ectoparasites?
A

Botflies

25
Q
  1. Approx. how many people does malaria kill each year?
A

660,000 people each year

26
Q
  1. What is an NTD and give some examples of parasitic diseases that are NTDs?
A

The Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) include parasitic diseases such as lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, and Guinea worm disease

27
Q
  1. What are two types of host that parasites can infect?
A
  • Intermediate – host in which larval or asexual stages develop
  • Definitive – host in which adult or sexual stage occurs
28
Q
  1. What are two types of vectors parasites can have?
A
  • Mechanical when no development of parasite in vector

* Biological when some stages of life cycle occur

29
Q
  1. What is the primary determinant of the distribution of parasite infection in humans?
A

relative wealth

30
Q
  1. What are 5 determinants of parasite infections?
A
  • > Depends on mode of transmission and opportunities for transmission
  • > Faeco-oral
  • > Complex life cycle
  • > Others
31
Q
  1. What determines if there will be faeco-oral transmission?
A
  • > Household Sanitation
  • > Access to clean water
  • > Personal hygiene behaviours
32
Q
  1. How could food be a way of transmission?
A
  • > Animal Husbandry
  • > Surveillance
  • > Regulations and government controls
33
Q
  1. How might complex life cycles be a way of transmission?
A

Distributions of vectors and intermediate/definitive hosts

34
Q
  1. What are some examples of other determinants of the distribution of parasitic infections?
A
  • Government resources and level of human development/per capita income • Education
  • Country-level and regional control programmes
  • Availability of cheap and efficacious treatments
  • Construction and building regulations(eg Chagas)
  • Urban vs. rural residence
  • Environmental sanitation

Medical Microbiology (15 decks)

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