parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

ectoparasite

A

lives on the outer surface of its host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endoparasite

A

lives inside its host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

facultative parasite

A

establishes a relationship with a host if the opportunity presents itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

obligatory parasite

A

physiologically and metabolically dependent on the host, can only survive with host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aberrant parasite

A

characteristic of the host (often found with the host), but found in an unusual location within the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

accidental/incidental parasite

A

found on a host other than its normal host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

definitive host

A

one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity, or the most important host. if no sexual reproduction occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

intermediate host

A

one in which some developmental/asexual reproduction occurs, but sexual maturity does not occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

reservoir host

A

a “living source” of the parasite; not a host of primary concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

vector

A

intermediate host that actively transmits a disease organism (usually an arthropod), is required for the life cycle of the parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

direct life cycle (monoxenous parasite)

A

involves only a single host, commonly called “hand-to-mouth” cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

indirect life cycle (heteroxenous parasite)

A

involves two or more hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

epidemiology

A

literally means “as it falls upon the people.”
working definition is the ecology of disease/study of disease ecology
includes all aspects of the pathogen, host(s), environment, social conditions, etc. that contribute to, or influence the maintenance of, a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endemic

A

a disease pathogen is present in an area and is expected to be there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

epidemic

A

the presence of a disease is at levels higher than what normally is expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that is worldwide in scope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

etiologic agent

A

the causative agent of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

neglected tropical diseases (NTD)

A

diseases that generally don’t attract the interest or funding that are directed toward diseases of more affluent populations
affect more than one billion people particularly those living in poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

zoonosis/zoonotic disease

A

a disease that exists in non-human animals, but can and does spread to humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of infection (disease) in a given time period divided by number of infected and susceptible hosts at the beginning of the time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

intensity

A

number of parasites in a given host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mean intensity

A

total number of parasites recovered, divided by the number of infected hosts in a given population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

density

A

number of parasites per unit area, weight, or volume of tissue (e.g., number of parasite eggs per gram of feces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

prevalence

A

number of infected hosts, divided by the number of hosts examined at a point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

overdispersed

A

parasite infections where relatively few hosts harbor the majority of all parasites in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

underdispersed

A

population of hosts that all have a relatively similar number of parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hematophagous arthropod

A

animals (normally insects/tics) that feed on the blood of other animals
commonly actively transmit pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

vector competence

A

ability of a vector to support development and/or replication of a pathogen
demands physiologic and genetic compatibility between vector and pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

extrinsic incubation period

A

time it takes for the pathogen to develop from the time it was taken up to the time it was transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

anthropophilic/anthropophagic

A

having an attraction to, or preference for, humans
organisms that feed on humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ornithophilic

A

having an attraction to, or preference for, birds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

mammalophilic/zoophilic

A

having an attraction to, or preference for, mammals/animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

diurnal

A

organisms that feed during the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

nocturnal

A

organisms that feed at night

35
Q

endophilic

A

having an attraction to, or preference for, indoor environments

36
Q

exophilic

A

having an attraction to, or preference for, outdoor environments

37
Q

catholic

A

displaying a broad range of feeding behaviours

38
Q

cyclodevelopmental transmission (bio transmission)

A

parasite undergoes cyclical changes within the vector but does not multiply
only developmental changes of the parasite without multiplication

39
Q

cyclopropagative transmission (bio transmission)

A

parasite undergoes cyclical changes AND multiples within the vector
both developmental changes and multiplication of the parasite

40
Q

propagative transmission (bio transmission)

A

parasite multiplies within the vector without any cyclical changes
parasite increases in number within the vector but does not undergo any developmental changes

41
Q

mechanical transmission “flying syringe”

A

transmission is accomplished through contamination of the mouthparts of an arthropod by a parasite
pathogen is physically carried to another host and infects when the arthropod takes another blood meal

42
Q

prove a vector is responsible for transmission

A

in proximity to hosts and feeds on hosts
regularly tests positive for pathogen in field-caught samples (carries pathogen)
controlled experiments in lab show vector competence
controlled experiments in lab show transmission

43
Q

honest signal

A

ornaments that are energetically costly and not produced well in parasite-ridden individuals

44
Q

effect on host

A

do direct damage, steal resources and impose energetic costs
affect condition and overall fitness
impacts mate choice

45
Q

co-evolution

A

hosts and parasites provide selective pressure upon each other
rare mutation that offers advantage will sweep across population
difference in rates
selected mutations can also have deleterious effects is pressure is sufficient

46
Q

arthropods two important roles

A

parasites themselves, primarily ectoparasites
most common vectors (mainly blood feeding behaviour)

47
Q

major groups of ectoparasites

A

mites and ticks
crustaceans
insects

47
Q

themes of ectoparasites

A

impact host condition through feeding
less interaction with immune system complicates control measures
drug resistance is widespread and growing
other control methods are critical
vectors for other diseases

48
Q

arthropods simple vector route

A

carries the parasite, both are consumed by next host

49
Q

arthropods complex vector route

A

hematophagous, transmission by result of sequential blood meals (biters and drinkers)

50
Q

plant immune system

A

physical barriers
no specialized immune cells
extracellular patter recognition receptors (PTI)
intracellular receptors (ETI)

51
Q

MAMPs

A

derived from invading pathogen (parts of pathogen)

52
Q

DAMPs

A

host molecules only produced during infection (don’t occur naturally/don’t occur in that location

53
Q

effectors

A

pathogen virulence factors injected into the host cell

54
Q

R-proteins

A

intracellular receptors that recognize the effectors/activity of the effectors

55
Q

innate immunity

A

nonspecific, pre-formed defense mechanisms, occurs rapidly following infection
based on general patterns
recognizes few highly conserved structures

56
Q

types of innate immunity

A

physical barriers
mechanical removal
defense chemicals

57
Q

invertebrate immunity

A

have own parasites, carry some as. vectors
reside in the gut, avoid some aspects of immune system
many come into full contact with host immune system

58
Q

fitness cost to carrying pathogens

A

less nutrients available
reduced fertility and fecundity
altered feeding behaviour

59
Q

innate immunity - invertebrates

A

most defense cells have PRRs
MAMPs recognized by soluble PRRs in blood that function as opsonins complement pathways
phagocytosis

60
Q

complement systems three roles

A

direct lysis
opsonization
melanization

61
Q

opsonization

A

process of coating an invader with complement proteins/antibodies
assists in phagocytosis

62
Q

melanization

A

coats and renders them harmless
may still be alive but does not harm

63
Q

human innate immunity

A

mechanical barriers and surface secretion
humoral mechansims
cellular defense mechanisms

64
Q

adaptive immunity

A

recognition of specific antigens
resistance acquired during life
genetic events and cellular growth
responds more slowly
memory, repeated exposure leads to faster, stronger response
clonal expansion

65
Q

Th1

A

limit initial spread
intracellular pathogens
active macrophages to kill
production of IgG2 and IgG3 detected by effector cells to increase killing
strong inflammation
damage to host tissue

66
Q

Th2

A

chronic infection
extracellular pathogens
stimulates B-cells grow and secrete lots of antibodies
stimulates mast cells and eosinophils
clear worm infections
inflammation, less than Th1

67
Q

primary response

A

activation of clonal T effector cells and production of memory populations
develops over several days
not as effective at protection/limiting infection

68
Q

secondary response

A

activation of memory cells
more pronounced and faster
effective at limiting infection

69
Q

humoral immune response

A

B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate (make antibodies)
antibodies bind to cognate antigens
B lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells

70
Q

intracellular

A

lives inside host cells

71
Q

antigenic variation

A

changes coat

72
Q

dormancy

A

cyst formation/remains dormant

73
Q

host mimicry

A

capture host antigens looks like ‘self’
produce molecules that mimic host proteins
hide antigens under protective coat

74
Q

immune modulation

A

manipulation of host immune response by false information
force inappropriate timing of Th2 switch
inhibits Th2 switching

75
Q

immune destruction

A

destroy host immune response
cleavage of complement proteins
cleavage of antibodies

76
Q

nematodes

A

free-living parasites
most are microscopic

77
Q

nematode body plan

A

unsegmented
bilaterally symmetrical
tube within tube design

78
Q

parallel evolution

A

two lineages start the same (free-living) and evolve to be different (parasitic) using the same adaptation

79
Q

plant parasitic nematodes

A

most commonly attack roots
commonly transmitted in soil, need to survive in soil
cuticle to protect from pathogens/predators, endoparasites
many are capable of cryptobiosis
suspend metabolism, reactivate when they contact a host factor

80
Q

ectoparasite (plants)

A

outside plant
avoids immune system, but face predators and abiotic stress
adapted with very long stylets

81
Q

semi-endoparasite

A

partially penetrate plant to feed in at least one stage of life-cycle

82
Q

migratory endoparasite

A

travel in the root feeding
up and down root

83
Q

sedentary endoparasite

A

most damaging
cause root damage