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year 3 sem 1 > parasitology > Flashcards

parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

ectoparasite

A

lives on the outer surface of its host

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2
Q

endoparasite

A

lives inside its host

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3
Q

facultative parasite

A

establishes a relationship with a host if the opportunity presents itself

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4
Q

obligatory parasite

A

physiologically and metabolically dependent on the host, can only survive with host

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5
Q

aberrant parasite

A

characteristic of the host (often found with the host), but found in an unusual location within the host

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6
Q

accidental/incidental parasite

A

found on a host other than its normal host

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7
Q

definitive host

A

one in which the parasite reaches sexual maturity, or the most important host. if no sexual reproduction occurs

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8
Q

intermediate host

A

one in which some developmental/asexual reproduction occurs, but sexual maturity does not occur

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9
Q

reservoir host

A

a “living source” of the parasite; not a host of primary concern

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10
Q

vector

A

intermediate host that actively transmits a disease organism (usually an arthropod), is required for the life cycle of the parasite

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11
Q

direct life cycle (monoxenous parasite)

A

involves only a single host, commonly called “hand-to-mouth” cycles

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12
Q

indirect life cycle (heteroxenous parasite)

A

involves two or more hosts

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13
Q

epidemiology

A

literally means “as it falls upon the people.”
working definition is the ecology of disease/study of disease ecology
includes all aspects of the pathogen, host(s), environment, social conditions, etc. that contribute to, or influence the maintenance of, a disease

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14
Q

endemic

A

a disease pathogen is present in an area and is expected to be there

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15
Q

epidemic

A

the presence of a disease is at levels higher than what normally is expected

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16
Q

pandemic

A

an epidemic that is worldwide in scope

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17
Q

etiologic agent

A

the causative agent of a disease

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18
Q

neglected tropical diseases (NTD)

A

diseases that generally don’t attract the interest or funding that are directed toward diseases of more affluent populations
affect more than one billion people particularly those living in poverty

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19
Q

zoonosis/zoonotic disease

A

a disease that exists in non-human animals, but can and does spread to humans

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20
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of infection (disease) in a given time period divided by number of infected and susceptible hosts at the beginning of the time period

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21
Q

intensity

A

number of parasites in a given host

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22
Q

mean intensity

A

total number of parasites recovered, divided by the number of infected hosts in a given population

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23
Q

density

A

number of parasites per unit area, weight, or volume of tissue (e.g., number of parasite eggs per gram of feces)

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24
Q

prevalence

A

number of infected hosts, divided by the number of hosts examined at a point in time

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25
overdispersed
parasite infections where relatively few hosts harbor the majority of all parasites in a population
26
underdispersed
population of hosts that all have a relatively similar number of parasites
27
hematophagous arthropod
animals (normally insects/tics) that feed on the blood of other animals commonly actively transmit pathogens
28
vector competence
ability of a vector to support development and/or replication of a pathogen demands physiologic and genetic compatibility between vector and pathogen
29
extrinsic incubation period
time it takes for the pathogen to develop from the time it was taken up to the time it was transmitted
30
anthropophilic/anthropophagic
having an attraction to, or preference for, humans organisms that feed on humans
31
ornithophilic
having an attraction to, or preference for, birds
32
mammalophilic/zoophilic
having an attraction to, or preference for, mammals/animals
33
diurnal
organisms that feed during the day
34
nocturnal
organisms that feed at night
35
endophilic
having an attraction to, or preference for, indoor environments
36
exophilic
having an attraction to, or preference for, outdoor environments
37
catholic
displaying a broad range of feeding behaviours
38
cyclodevelopmental transmission (bio transmission)
parasite undergoes cyclical changes within the vector but does not multiply only developmental changes of the parasite without multiplication
39
cyclopropagative transmission (bio transmission)
parasite undergoes cyclical changes AND multiples within the vector both developmental changes and multiplication of the parasite
40
propagative transmission (bio transmission)
parasite multiplies within the vector without any cyclical changes parasite increases in number within the vector but does not undergo any developmental changes
41
mechanical transmission "flying syringe"
transmission is accomplished through contamination of the mouthparts of an arthropod by a parasite pathogen is physically carried to another host and infects when the arthropod takes another blood meal
42
prove a vector is responsible for transmission
in proximity to hosts and feeds on hosts regularly tests positive for pathogen in field-caught samples (carries pathogen) controlled experiments in lab show vector competence controlled experiments in lab show transmission
43
honest signal
ornaments that are energetically costly and not produced well in parasite-ridden individuals
44
effect on host
do direct damage, steal resources and impose energetic costs affect condition and overall fitness impacts mate choice
45
co-evolution
hosts and parasites provide selective pressure upon each other rare mutation that offers advantage will sweep across population difference in rates selected mutations can also have deleterious effects is pressure is sufficient
46
arthropods two important roles
parasites themselves, primarily ectoparasites most common vectors (mainly blood feeding behaviour)
47
major groups of ectoparasites
mites and ticks crustaceans insects
47
themes of ectoparasites
impact host condition through feeding less interaction with immune system complicates control measures drug resistance is widespread and growing other control methods are critical vectors for other diseases
48
arthropods simple vector route
carries the parasite, both are consumed by next host
49
arthropods complex vector route
hematophagous, transmission by result of sequential blood meals (biters and drinkers)
50
plant immune system
physical barriers no specialized immune cells extracellular patter recognition receptors (PTI) intracellular receptors (ETI)
51
MAMPs
derived from invading pathogen (parts of pathogen)
52
DAMPs
host molecules only produced during infection (don't occur naturally/don't occur in that location
53
effectors
pathogen virulence factors injected into the host cell
54
R-proteins
intracellular receptors that recognize the effectors/activity of the effectors
55
innate immunity
nonspecific, pre-formed defense mechanisms, occurs rapidly following infection based on general patterns recognizes few highly conserved structures
56
types of innate immunity
physical barriers mechanical removal defense chemicals
57
invertebrate immunity
have own parasites, carry some as. vectors reside in the gut, avoid some aspects of immune system many come into full contact with host immune system
58
fitness cost to carrying pathogens
less nutrients available reduced fertility and fecundity altered feeding behaviour
59
innate immunity - invertebrates
most defense cells have PRRs MAMPs recognized by soluble PRRs in blood that function as opsonins complement pathways phagocytosis
60
complement systems three roles
direct lysis opsonization melanization
61
opsonization
process of coating an invader with complement proteins/antibodies assists in phagocytosis
62
melanization
coats and renders them harmless may still be alive but does not harm
63
human innate immunity
mechanical barriers and surface secretion humoral mechansims cellular defense mechanisms
64
adaptive immunity
recognition of specific antigens resistance acquired during life genetic events and cellular growth responds more slowly memory, repeated exposure leads to faster, stronger response clonal expansion
65
Th1
limit initial spread intracellular pathogens active macrophages to kill production of IgG2 and IgG3 detected by effector cells to increase killing strong inflammation damage to host tissue
66
Th2
chronic infection extracellular pathogens stimulates B-cells grow and secrete lots of antibodies stimulates mast cells and eosinophils clear worm infections inflammation, less than Th1
67
primary response
activation of clonal T effector cells and production of memory populations develops over several days not as effective at protection/limiting infection
68
secondary response
activation of memory cells more pronounced and faster effective at limiting infection
69
humoral immune response
B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate (make antibodies) antibodies bind to cognate antigens B lymphocytes differentiate into memory cells
70
intracellular
lives inside host cells
71
antigenic variation
changes coat
72
dormancy
cyst formation/remains dormant
73
host mimicry
capture host antigens looks like 'self' produce molecules that mimic host proteins hide antigens under protective coat
74
immune modulation
manipulation of host immune response by false information force inappropriate timing of Th2 switch inhibits Th2 switching
75
immune destruction
destroy host immune response cleavage of complement proteins cleavage of antibodies
76
nematodes
free-living parasites most are microscopic
77
nematode body plan
unsegmented bilaterally symmetrical tube within tube design
78
parallel evolution
two lineages start the same (free-living) and evolve to be different (parasitic) using the same adaptation
79
plant parasitic nematodes
most commonly attack roots commonly transmitted in soil, need to survive in soil cuticle to protect from pathogens/predators, endoparasites many are capable of cryptobiosis suspend metabolism, reactivate when they contact a host factor
80
ectoparasite (plants)
outside plant avoids immune system, but face predators and abiotic stress adapted with very long stylets
81
semi-endoparasite
partially penetrate plant to feed in at least one stage of life-cycle
82
migratory endoparasite
travel in the root feeding up and down root
83
sedentary endoparasite
most damaging cause root damage

year 3 sem 1 (2 decks)

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