Parasitology

Question 1

blood borne parasitic diseases

Answer 1

malaria, babesia, ehrlichia and anaplsma, trypanomoma, leishmania

Question 2

characteristics of parasitic diseases

Answer 2

high prevalance in developing countries, lower socioeconomic population, low mortality and morbidity, limited drug development, no vaccines (except malaria)

Question 3

ectoparasite

Answer 3

parasite which lives on the outside of the host (infestation)

Question 4

endoparasite

Answer 4

parasite which lives within the body of the host

Question 5

direct life cycle

Answer 5

only humans are host, goes through infective stage like ovum, cyst, larva that is passed out of the body and infects another healthy person

Question 6

indirect life cycle

Answer 6

multiple hosts required for life cycle development. definitive and intermediate host

Question 7

parasitic protozoa

Answer 7

unicellular, includes: ameba, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoa

Question 8

parasitic helminths

Answer 8

multicellular, includes: nematodes, cestodes, trematodes

Question 9

Malaria

Answer 9

caused by single cell protozoan from Plasmodium genus. has 2 complete life cycles that occurs in the mosquito and human. transmitted to humans by female mosquito from genus anopheles.

fever, chills, headache, sweats, fatigue, nausea, vomiting

cold stage to hot stage to sweating stage

Question 10

duffy antigen

Answer 10

absence of duffy antigen in RBC prevents Plasmodium vivax malaria

Question 11

protection against malaria infection

Answer 11

no duffy antigen, sickle hemoglobin S and C, thalassemias

Question 12

life cycle of malarial parasite

Answer 12

mosquito regurgitates stomach contents into human which introduces sporozites into bloodstream. This ends up in the liver which releases merozites to infect RBC.

Question 13

plasmodium falciparum

Answer 13

can infect all ages of RBC, results in the appearance of PfEMP-1 protein on the surface of RBC. PfEMP-1 attaches to CD36 receptors on other cells. infected cells are stuck to organs and other tissues resulting in reduced number of circulating RBC and occlusion. Reduced oxygen to various parts of body.

Question 14

Malaria vaccine

Answer 14

targets outer membrane protein of the early blood phase (circumsporozoite) of P. falciparum

Question 15

Babesia

Answer 15

infects RBC. transmitted by ticks. malaria like symptoms

Question 16

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Answer 16

infects WBC. transmitted by ticks. malaria like symtoms

Question 17

Chagas Disease

Answer 17

transmitted by triatomine insects (kissing bugs). can result in acute form (death) or chronic (asympotmatic for years)

Question 18

Leishmaniasis

Answer 18

can be asymptomatic for years, transmitted by sandflies, obligate intracellular protozoa

cutaneous (chronic skin ulcers), mucocutaneous (lesions of the mouth, nose pharynx), visceral (fever, weight loss, anorexia, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly)

Question 19

Protozoan (single celled) GI Parasites

Answer 19

E. histolytica, nonpathogenic entamoeba species, giardia lamblia, cryptosporidium parvum, trichonomonas vaginalis

Question 20

E. histolytica

Answer 20

fecal-oral transmission, most people are asymptomatic, involves trophozites that live in the large intestine, can also infect liver and lung, profuse bloody diarrhea, hepatic disease, hepatic abscess

Question 21

Giardiasis (beaver fever)

Answer 21

zoonosis (raccoon washes food in water that is ingested by humans), fecal oral transmission, travelers’ diarrhea

Question 22

Cryptosporidium parvum

Answer 22

resistant to chlorination, destroyed by UV light, watery diarrhea, transmission via recreational water (pools)

Question 23

Trichomonas vaginalis

Answer 23

STD that survives in the genital tract, site specific and cannot survive outside urogenital system

painful urination, inflammation, discharge with foul odor

Question 24

Intestinal Nematodes (roundworms)

Answer 24

ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura (whipworm), enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), strongyloides stercoralis, ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)

Question 25

ascariasis

Answer 25

large worms whose eggs need to mature in environment, no direct transmission between humans, heavy infections can cause intestinal obstruction, blockage of bile ducts

Question 26

trichuriasis

Answer 26

toxins produced by worm can result in rectal prolapse

Question 27

ancylostomiasis (hookworm)

Answer 27

most people are asymptomatic, some may experience chronic abdominal pain and persistent eosinophilia

results in iron deficiency anemia and protein energy malnutrition from blood loss, can be transmitted directed between humans

Question 28

enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Answer 28

common in young children, can be transmitted directed between humans

Question 29

Intestinal Cestodes (tapeworms)

Answer 29

Taenia sagniata (beef) and Taenia solum (pork), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish)

obtained from each raw meat