Parasitology Flashcards
Specimen examined in Sputum Test
Sputum
a laboratory test that looks and checks for bacteria
or other microorganism that cause infection
sputum test
the mucus that settles in the
lower airways of your lungs when
you have an infection or a chronic
illness
sputum
an analytical approach to investigate the cellular and acellular components expelled from the patient’s upper respiratory tract.
SPUTUM ANALYSIS
Materials used in sputum test
- Sterile cup or container
- Staining Solution
- Gloves
- Mask
- Tissue Paper
- Specimen Bag
- Centrifuge
- Microscopic slides or Coverslips
- Saline Solution
- Diluent Solution
- Fixative solution (95% ethanol)
- Microscope
Purpose of sputum
Find and diagnose bacteria, fungi, or parasites that may cause infection in the lungs or airways
Advantage of Sputum Test (Wi-No-Low)
- Non-invasive
- Low tech and inexpensive
- Widely available
Disadvantage of Sputum Test (COY)
- Probability of CONTAMINATION of the sputum specimen with oral secretions
- In OLDER ADULTS who do not have a productive cough
- YOUNG CHILDREN are usually unable to expectorate
Parasites that can be recovered in Sputum test (L.A)
Lung flukes (Paragonimus spp.)
Acanthamoeba spp.
a diagnostic technique used to detect parasitic infections, particularly soil-transmitted helminths such as roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm. It involves collecting as tool sample and examining it for the presence of helminth eggs.
Kato-Katz technique
Specimen examined in Kato Katz Technique
Stool / Feces
Materials of Kato-Katz technique
Stool collection container with stool sample
Microscope
Cellophane sheets
Templates (cardboard)
Applicator sticks
Spatula
Purpose of Kato Katz Technique
To detect and quantify the number of eggs of intestinal helminths
Advantages of Kato Katz Technique (IN-MI-VA)
- Estimates the INTENSITY of infection
- Requires MINIMAL equipment and supplies
- Detect a VARIETY of intestinal parasites
Parasites that can be recovered from Kato Katz Technique (HAT)
Hookworms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Disadvantages of Kato Katz Technique (DET)
- Highly DEPENDENT on the amount of stool examined
- Unable to detect parasites that do not produce EGGS
- Requires TRAINED personnel
Specimen examined in Blood Smear with Giemsa Stain
Blood
used for diagnostic purposes in hematology to differentiate nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology of platelets, RBCs, WBCs, and parasites
BLOOD SMEAR WITH GIEMSA STAIN
Purpose of BLOOD SMEAR WITH GIEMSA STAIN
Used to detect the presence of parasite in the blood. It can also be used to detect/ diagnose malaria
Materials of BLOOD SMEAR WITH GIEMSA STAIN
Giemsa stain (10% or 3% solution)
Small container or beaker for Giemsa working stain
Absolute methanol, acetone-free
Pasteur pipette with a rubber teat
Small container or beaker for methanol
Curved plastic staining tray, plate or staining rack
Timer
Slide-drying rack
Small electric hair-dryer
Protective latex gloves, powder-free, disposable
Distilled or deionized water buffered to pH 7.2
Parasites that can be recovered from Thick Blood Smear with Giemsa Stain (PLAS-BA-LE-TRY)
Plasmodium spp.
Babesia spp.
Leishmania spp.
Trypanosoma spp.
Advantages of Thick Blood Smear with Giemsa Stain (WIC)
- WIDELY available
- INCREASED sensitivity
- stain CHROMOSOMES to identify chromosome aberrations
Disadvantages of Thick Blood Smear with Giemsa Stain (PUD)
- PH dependent
- UNABLE to differentiate blood cell types
- DISTORTION can occur to the morphology of parasite
is a concentration technique used to recover most types of worm eggs (roundworms, tapeworms, schistosomes, and other fluke eggs), larvae, and protozoan cysts from fecal matter
Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
makes use of solutions of lower specific gravity compared to the parasites, thus concentrating the latter in the sediment.
Sedimentation technique
Purpose of Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
Concentrate and separate helminth eggs and protozoan cyst from fecal debris
Specimen used in Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
Feces/Stool
Materials used in Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
Glass container
Gauze
Funnel
Centrifuge tube
Centrifuge
10% buffered formalin
Ether (ethyl acetate)
Test tubes with stopper
Glass rod
Iodine
Microscope
Stool samples
Parasites recovered in Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
- (GATE-H)
Giardia lamblia
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Entamoeba histolytica
Hookworms
Advantages of Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
- (B-ID-S)
- BROAD spectrum
- Easy Identification of parasites
- Speed (fast)
Disadvantages of Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT)
- (SED)
- Requires SPECIALIZED equipment
- ETHER is flammable, formalin is an irritant
- DEBRIS may be present in preparation
It is used for microscopic examination of fungal colonies is a standard technique found in manuals of medical mycology and the gold standard for diagnosis of Enterobius infections.
Scotch Tape Method
Purpose of Scotch Tape Method
To detect presence of pinworms or their eggs in the perianal area
Specimen used in Scotch Tape Method
Perianal debris (Eggs in the perianal)
Materials needed in Scotch Tape Method
CLEAR TRANSPARENT
- TAPE NOTE: AVOID MAGIC TAPE OR PACKAGE
TAPE.
TONGUE DEPRESSOR
GLASS MICROSCOPIC
SLIDES
GLOVES
PEN
MASK
XYLENE
MICROSCOPE
Parasites Recovered in Scotch Tape Method
Enterobius vermicularis
Advantages of Scotch Tape Method
- (CO-NO- SI)
- Cost-effective
- Non-invasive
- Simple and Inexpensive
Disadvantages of Scotch Tape Method
- (LI-FA-FA-T)
- LIMITED Specimen collection
- FALSE Positive
- FALSE Negative
- requires TRAINED personnel
