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Y2B2 - Musculoskeletal πŸ“— > Parasitology πŸͺ± > Flashcards

Parasitology πŸͺ± Flashcards

1
Q

geographical distribution of Trichinella spiralis

A

cosmopolitan distribution.

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2
Q

morphology of Trichinella spiralis

A
  • it is a small worm characterized by having slender anterior end.

Male: 1.5 mm x 40ΞΌ, its posterior end is ventrally curved.

Female: 3 mm x 80 ΞΌ, its posterior end is bluntly rounded, and is larvi-parous.

Larva: it measures about 1 mm in length inside the trichina capsule.

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3
Q

what is the habitat of Trichinella spiralis?

A

small intestine of definitive and intermediate hosts.

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4
Q

what are the definitive and intermediate hosts of Trichinella spiralis?

A

man, pigs, rodents, and other carnivorous mammals.

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5
Q

what is the reservoir host of Trichinella spiralis?

A

rodents

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6
Q

what are the stages in the lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis?

A

larva β†’ trichina capsule β†’ adult.

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7
Q

lifecycle of Trichinella spiralis

A
  • After fertilization males die and are expelled.
  • Females penetrate deeply in the mucosa and lay larvae (0.1 mm), which find their way to the circulation, through the pulmonary filter and distribute all over the body, particularly the active striated muscles where they encyst in the long axis of the muscles.
  • The larva grows from 0.1 to 1 mm taking about 2 weeks to become infective.
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8
Q

what are the modes of infection by Trichinella spiralis?

A
  • Man is infected by ingestion of raw or undercooked pork containing infective larvae.
  • Pigs become infected by eating infected flesh from other pigs in garbage or ingestion of infected dead pigs and rats.
  • Rats are infected by eating flesh of dead pigs or rats and by cannibalism
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9
Q

clinical picture of infection by Trichinella spiralis

A
  • Light infections (less than 10 larvae/gm muscle) are usually asymptomatic.
  • Heavy infections (from 50-100 larvae/gm muscle) may show symptoms according to the stage of infection
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10
Q

what are the stages of clinical picture of infection by Trichinella spiralis?

A
  • GIT phase (1st week)
  • Trichinosis (2nd, 3rd week)
  • Final stage
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11
Q

what causes GIT phase of Trichinosis?

A

Intestinal invasion by adult worms

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12
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of GIT phase of Trichinosis?

A
  • Symptoms resembling food poisoning; such as, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and colic.
  • This period usually terminates with facial oedema and fever.
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13
Q

what causes Trichinosis phase (2nd, 3rd week) of Trichinosis?

A

Larval deposition, migration and encystation

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14
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of Trichinosis phase (2nd, 3rd week) of Trichinosis?

A

It is tetrad of:

  1. Muscle pain + weakness (myositis): involve active skeletal muscles, e.g. eye, mastication, respiratory.
  2. Facial (peri-orbital) edema due to toxin vasculitis.
  3. Eosinophilia 20-50%.
  4. fever
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15
Q

what causes the final stage of Trichinosis?

A

Occurs when larvae complete encystations

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16
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of the final stage of Trichinosis?

A
  • All symptoms subside.
  • In severe cases, death occurs, due to myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia.
17
Q

Diagnosis of infection by Trichinella spiralis

A
18
Q

Treatment of Trichinella spiralis infection

A
  • Symptomatic:
    1. Bed rest, general supportive treatment, sedatives (for headache and muscle pain), steroids as cortisone and ACTH (to reduce inflammatory reactions especially in myocarditis and CNS involvement).
  1. Fluids and electrolyte balance should be monitored, since impaired capillary permeability can lead to generalized oedema and mobilization of fluids.
  • Thiabendazole, mebendazole
19
Q

prevention and control of Trichinella spiralis infection

A
  1. Thorough cooking of meat.
  2. Regular meat inspection by means of trichinoscopy of pork.
  3. Effective treatment of pork by means of refrigeration.
  4. Extermination of rodents from pig farms.
20
Q

what is the definition of muscular cysticercosis?

A

invasion of the human tissues by the larval stage of Taenia solium (Cysticercus cellulosa). In this case, man acts as an intermediate host.

21
Q

what are Taenia species?

A

Taenia solium, Taenia saginata.

22
Q

Compare between T. Solium & T. Saginata according to:

  • Diseases caused
  • Distribution
  • Habitat
  • Adult size
  • Gravid segment
  • Egg
  • DH
  • IH
  • Larval stage
  • Stages in human
  • Stages in lifecycle
  • Mode of Infection
  • Diagnostic sample
  • Diagnostic stage
  • Treatment
A
23
Q

what is the clinical picture of taeniasis?

A
  1. Intestinal disturbances as hunger pain, indigestion, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea or constipation.
  2. Loss of weight and appetite.
  3. Intestinal obstruction.
  4. Segments of T. saginata migrating out of the anus may cause irritation, itching, insomnia, and anxiety.
24
Q

prevention and control of taeniasis

A
  1. Proper sanitary disposal of human faeces to prevent animal infection.
  2. Proper inspection of animals for cysticerci at slaughter houses.
  3. Proper cooking of meat products or freezing kill the cysticerci.
  4. Mass treatment of infected patients.
  5. Health education
25
Q

What is the mode of infection in Cysticercosis?

A
  • Ingestion of food or water contaminated by the eggs of T. solium.

Auto-infection:

  • External auto-infection (Exogenous): the patient harbouring the adult parasite contaminates his fingers with T. solium eggs from his own stool.
  • Internal auto-infection(Endogenous): anti-peristaltic movements of the intestine (in case of vomiting or taking emetic drugs) lead to regurgitation of the gravid segments to the stomach, which become broken up and liberate the eggs.
26
Q

life cycle in cysticercosis infection

A
  • Cysticercosis develops when man ingests T. solium eggs (man acts as IH).
  • On reaching the intestine, the eggs hatch, and the onchosphere penetrates through the intestinal wall into the lymphatic or blood vessels β†’ right side of the heart β†’ lung β†’ systemic circulation, where it is distributed everywhere specially in active muscles, brain, bones, etc… There, it develops into Cysticercus cellulosa.
27
Q

pathogenicity of cysticercosis

A

The cyst produces local cellular reaction and infiltration with neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes, presented by mild fever and eosinophilia.

28
Q

clinical picture of Cysticercosis

A
  • Clinical picture depends upon the organs affected and the number of cysticerci.
  • Subcutaneous tissues, muscles, viscera, brain, and orbit are commonly affected.
  • In skeletal muscles, myositis and muscle pain are present.
29
Q

What is the fate of cysticerci?

A

Cysticerci become surrounded by fibrous capsules formed by the host, which may be calcified later on.

30
Q

diagnosis of Cysticercosis

A

1) Biopsy for histopathological examination: cysticerci are spherical or ovoid cysts with the head invaginated appearing as a milky spot. Microscopically, the rostellum, suckers, and hooks are apparent.

2) X-ray for calcified cyst.

3) Ultrasound, CT (computerized tomography), and MRI (magnetic resonance).

4) Serological tests may be helpful in diagnosis as IHAT and ELISA.

31
Q

treatment of Cysticercosis

A
  1. Surgical removal when possible.
  2. Praziquantel combined with corticosteroids as anti-inflammatory in case of meningitis or cerebral oedema.
  3. Albendazole is also effective.
32
Q

prevention and control of Cysticercosis

A
  1. Early treatment of persons harbouring the adult worms to avoid auto-infection.
  2. In patients harbouring the adult parasite, no nauseating drugs should be given.
  3. Avoid the use of human excreta as manure.
  4. Personal cleanliness, fly control, and proper washing of raw vegetables.
33
Q

Compare between Trichinosis & Muscular Cysticercosis in terms of:
- causative parasite
- Infective stage
- Stage responsible for pathology
- Mode of infection
- Diagnostic stage
- Treatment

A

Y2B2 - Musculoskeletal πŸ“— (8 decks)

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