Parasiticides and Parasitology Control Programs Flashcards

1
Q

describe the general antiparasitic drugs commonly used in veterinary medicine (antiprotozoals, antihelmintics, insecticides, aracides) with emphasis on specific indications and selection

A
  1. endoparasiticide: kills internal parasites
  2. ectoparasiticide: kills external parasites
  3. endectocide: kills BOTH internal and external parasites; a new term coined specifically for avermectin/milbemycin (macrocyclic lactone) drugs
  4. antiprotozoals
  5. anthelmintics: nematocides, flukicides, cestocides; kills parasites but may not control them
  6. insecticides/acaricides: activity against ticks, mites, flies, fleas, lice; may be applied to animal OR environment
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2
Q

list and describe the 5 classes of anthelmintics

A
  1. benzimidazoles: bine to beta-tubulin and disrupts polymerization of tubulin into microtubules; broad spectrum, safe, but lots of resistance :(
  2. macrocyclic lactones: cause paralysis of pharyngeal and somatic muscles, but can cause blockage when a wad of worms die; effective against most nematodes and arthropods and safeish
  3. membrane depolarizers: depolarizing NM blocking agents cause spastic paralysis of worms; brads spectrum nematocides, most are very safe
  4. isoquinolone: MOA unknown but causes spastic paralysis of worms; effective against cestodes, some trematodes (not in ruminants), and safe
  5. cyclooctadepsipeptides: MOA unknown, new class
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3
Q

what is the main goal of most ectoparasiticides?

A

interfere with parasitic growth; some interfere with CNS or PNS, but most common is interfere with growth

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4
Q

what factors must be considered when formulating a control program?

A

they are all individualized!

  1. is the pet in a home or in a shelter or in a herd?
  2. what is the age/breed/repro status of the animal
  3. what is the environment?: housing, financial constraints, feasibility
  4. what are the client/owner goals?
  5. does the animal travel? does it have a job?
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5
Q

describe testing and treatment for client-owned small animal

A

testing:
1. for vector-borne parasites at least annually (heartworm: antigen + microfilaria in dogs, tick-transmited pathogens)
2. internal parasite testing AT LEAST annually (fecal diagnostics, increase frequency in young or risky animals)

treatment:
1. treat/give preventative to every pet all year long! even indoor only cats
2. repeat testing after treatment too!

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6
Q

what are the goals of testing/treatment in equine/production animals?

A
  1. minimize disease only! parasite eradication in every animal is impossible bc they eat where they poop
  2. herd-wide control puts heavy selection pressure on worm populations for drug resistance so:
    -maintain refugia (proportion of the worm population NOT selected by drug treatment, only treat highest shedders, etc.)
    -use drugs in combination
    -integrate non-chemical modalities
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7
Q

describe 2 strategies to delay resistance in large animals

A
  1. targeted selective treatment: treat only those who need it, determine by fecal egg count (horses), diarrhea score, BCS, FAMACHA
  2. selective non-treatment: best method for cattle, treat only 80-90% of the herd and leave the heaviest loaded and best looking untreated to maintain refugia
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8
Q

contrast attributes of antiparasitic drugs, including information on use of drugs prophylactically and therapeutically

A
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9
Q

describe appropriate administration/application of drugs (PO, topical, injectable, etc.), off-label/extra-label/mino species use of these drugs. product withdrawal times in food animals, and issues of drug resistance

A
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10
Q

formulate control programs based on a knowledge of a parasite’s biology and the use of chemical and nonchemical methods of parasite control

A
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11
Q

develop a control or prevention plan to inform a client and/or the public about the risks of major parasites (including biosecurity, zoonotic potential, and food safety)

A
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12
Q

give 6 examples of ectoparasiticides; where are they used?

A
  1. insecticides
  2. acaricides
  3. repellents
  4. insect growth regulators
  5. insect development inhibitors
  6. synergists

many used in both pet and ag (crop) settings

macrocyclic lactones commonly used systemically; organophosphates used topically (ear tags) and environmentally (premise spray, foggers)

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13
Q

what ectoparasiticides go on the animal?

A

topical: spot-on, dip, sprays, shampoo, collars

systemic: oral, parenteral, topical

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14
Q

what ectoparasiticides are applied to the environment?

A

foggers, strips, premise sprays, dusts, powders

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15
Q

what must be taken into account when formulating use of ectoparasiticides? (4)

A
  1. lifestyle
  2. exposure to ectoparasiticides
  3. client compliance: difficulty to administer, packaging, smells
  4. cost
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16
Q

when thinking about parasiticides in general, what must be considered? (4)

A
  1. what species am i treating?
  2. can i use that drug in that species?
  3. does it kill what i want it to?
  4. are there any contraindications?