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(MUL Parasitology) > Parasitic Protozoa > Flashcards

Parasitic Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 11 Parasitic Protozoa

A
  1. Balantidium Coli
  2. Entamoeba Hisotlytica
  3. Giardia Intestinalis
  4. Naegleria Fowleri
  5. Acanthamoeba Spp.
  6. Toxoplasma Gondii
  7. Trypanosoma Brucei
  8. Trypanosoma Cruzi
  9. Leishmania spp.
  10. Trichonomas Vaginalis
  11. Plasmodium Spp.
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2
Q

Define Protozoa

type of cell

production

classified by what

A

Liver Fluke Flatworm

Single cell

produced through Fission

classified by movement

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3
Q

Giardia Lablia (intestinalis)

Provide:

Transmission

& Route

A

Transmitted in Cyst Form

Route: Fecal-orral by poorly purified water, food

In DAY CARE

Oral & Sex

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4
Q

Giardia Lablia (intestinalis)

Name the Disease & Organs most affected:

A
  • Disease*: Giardiasis
  • Organs Affected: The organism have a “ falling Leaf” motility*
  • The ventral sucking disk of the organism attaches to the lining of the duaodenal wall and deos not invade (Trophozoite shape shields)*
  • Causing Foul smelling-Fatty Diarrhea (Steatorrhea)*
  • (this is due to malabsorbtion in the small intestines and malabsorbion of Vitamin A,E.D,K*
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5
Q

Giardia Lablia (intestinalis)

Diagnosis

A

Trophozoites (have endocytosed RBC’s found withing Trophozoites) or Cysts (infectious stated when ingested) are seen in the stool on fecal antigen test

Fecal anitgen test (OP-Ova & Parasite Screeing)

ELISA used for screening

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6
Q

Giardia Lablia (intestinalis)

Treatment

A

Treatment:

Metronidazole

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7
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Transmission & Route

A

Transmission: 2 main life cycles:

  1. Cyst form (infective stage when ingested from contaminated water)
  2. Trophozoites: Cyst form resides in GI track differentiating into Trophozoites which invade the Colon spreading via Portal circulation into the Liver

Route: Fecal-orall by water

  • fresh fruits*
  • vegetables*
  • Oral & Sex*
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8
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Disease caused:

Organs most affected:

A

Disease: Intestinal Amebiasis

Organs Affected: inverted flask-shaped lesions/ulcers in the Large intestine, bloody diarrhea (disintery) with extension to peritoneum, liver, lungs, brain, heart,

Note: Right lobe of the Liver is the most common site for an amoebic liver absecess to form

Liver Absess: is described as having an “anchovy paste” consistency

  • Pt presents with RUQ pain (right upper quadrant)
  • Produces blood and puss in stools (Amebiasis dysentery) -

Shigella dysenteria=an invasive and inflammatory diarrhea that causes ulcers on the mucosa

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9
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Diagnosis:

A

Trophozoits (infects the colon) or Cysts form (infactious when it is ingested) are seen inthe stool on Fecal Antigen Test (OP-ova and parasite screening)

ELISA Antigen Test on stool and serum used for screening

Pt with Intestinal Amoebiasis: Colonoscopy

Note: The Nuclei have sharp central keryosome and fine chromation “ spokes” the organism has endocytosed RBC’s

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10
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Treatment:

A

Treatment: Metronidazole

(luminal drug) Paramycin and Iodoquinol can be used in combination with Metronidazole

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11
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

  • Disease:*
  • Organs most affected & symptoms:*
A

Disease: Ghagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)

Common Early signs:

Swelling aroud the eye (Romana’s sign)

or Chagoma (swelling at the site of contact)

Symptoms:

dialated cardiomyopathy, megacolon,

Chronic infection: mega-esophagus

liver & brain

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12
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Vector:

Form:

Transmission:

A

Vector: Reduvid Bug (Kissing bug)

Form: Painless bite occurs around the mouth and genus passes Trypomasitgote (flagellated form) in feces

Transmission: trypanosomes can burrow into the endocardium-then be seen withing cardiac myocytes on heart biopsy

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13
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Vector:

Endemic to?

A

Vector: Reduvid bugg (kissing bug) or Triatomine

Endemic to Latin America

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14
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Reservoirs:

A

Cats

Dogs

Armadillos

opussums

poverty-housing

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15
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Diagnosis:

Treatment:

A

Diagnosis: Blood films with Trypomastigotes

Treatment: Benzimidazole

Nifurtimax

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16
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Life cycle of Reduvid bug (kissing bug)

A
  1. Epimasitgote (T. cruzi) sits in the lumen of the Reduvid bugs midgut
    - multiplying via binary fission
  2. Epimastigote truns into Trypomastigote (loosing ability to divide and gaining the abilituy to envade the human cells)
  3. Trypomastigote (in the feces enters the bite site infecting the human) looses its flagella and becomes Amastigote (multiplies)
  4. Amastigote (multiplies through Binary Fission) moving through Blood and Lymph and becoming “ Blood Trypomasigote (levels increase)
17
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Which organs or tissue does the trypomastigotes target

A

Target:

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Neurons

Further Inflammation

  • Meningoencephalitis
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Pericardial effusion (Heart block)
18
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

describe Acute Phase

A

Resolves when T. Cruzi Trypomasitgotes are Cleared form the Blood

and

T. Cruzi Antibodies (infection is cleared)

19
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Describe Chronic Phase:

Provide Progressive Symptoms:

A
  1. Amastigotes linger in Infected Cells
  2. Increased T. Cruzi antibodies
  3. can be asymptomatic
  4. develop progressive symptoms:

Ex: -Nerver Damage

  • Cardiomyopathy (Ventricular Fibrilation and Heart Failure)
  • Gastrointestinal Track Symptoms (Megaesophagus and Megacolon)
20
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Provide Diagnosis for:

Acute Phase:

Chronic Phase:

A

Acute Phase:

Blood Trypamastigotes (Blood smear)

T. cruzi DNA (Polymerase chain reaction)

Chronic Phase:

Serology

Xeno-diagnosis

chest x-rays

Barium Swallow

Advanced Stages of Electrocardiogram

21
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Treatment for Acute Phase

A
  • Anti-Parisitic Medication*
    eg: Benznidazole

Nufurtomox

22
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Treatment for Chronic Phase

A

Managing symptoms of Cardiomyopathy

Eg: Pacemakers or anti-coagulation medication

23
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Treatment for Advanced stages

A

Hear transplant

24
Q

What are Trypanosoma

General information:

Morphology

Transmission

Incubation

Diagnosis

Treatment

A
  • Morpholog:* elongated body
  • Flagellum:* forms undulated membrane along body
  • Kinetoplast:* functions as mitochondria
  • Transmission:* Through Vectors
  • Incubation:* 1-2 weeks
  • Diagnosis: Direct microscopy*
  • -selologic testing*
  • -laboratory finding*
25
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Pathology and Disease

A
  • Pathology:* Extracellular parasite
  • Disease: African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sinckness) a neurologic alternations during Meningoencephalitis stage (ex: somnolesce)*

Causes:

Cerbical and Axillary lymphadenopathy

fevers-chills-anorexia-confusion

Note: Fevers can be undelating

26
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Morphologic forms (life-cycle)

A
  1. Epimasitgote
  2. Procyclic trypomastigote (in saliva of tsetse fly midgut)
  3. Metacyclic trypomastigote (infectious form)
27
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Reservoirs?

A

Domestic Animals

lions

hyenas

antelopes

28
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Vector:

A

Male/female Glossina Flies “Tse-tse Flies”

Condition: warm, humid climate near river or lake

29
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Transmission:

Endemic regions:

A

Transmission: Saliva inoculation via Tse-Tse fly bite

  • Vertical/parental transmission very rare
    1. once bitten parasites move from blood to lymph nodes
    2. Trypomastigotes found in blood film

Endemic region: Sub Saharn Africa

30
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Pathogenesis:

A
  1. Glossina bite
  2. subcutaneous metacyclic trypamastigote inoculation
  3. lymph vessles
  4. bloodstream
  5. increase tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha
  6. interleukin 6 (IL6),
  7. nitric oxide
  8. Increase of capillary permeability
  9. vasculitis

10 . organ invation ex: CNS

31
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Disease Stage

A

Early stage: Hemolymphatic

Late stage: Meningoencephalitis

Symptoms severity related to number of organisms in affected tissue ( blood, CNS)

32
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Complications:

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Myocarditis
  3. Heart Failure
  4. Aspiration: Bacterial Pneumonia associated with altered state of consciousness (meningoencephalitis stage)
33
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Signs and Symptoms

A

Symptoms present where the Parasites dwell:

-Sleeping Sickness** points to the **CNS** and **SF

  • Lymphanodenopathy in the lymph nodes
  • -Fevers in the blood*

Systemic symptoms:

Intermitten Fever

headache

malaise

weakness

pruritus

rash

Trypanosomal Chancre:

Rubbary, painful, erythematous, well circumscribed lesion at fly bite site approx 1 week post inoculation

Lymphanodenopathy (Winterbottoms Sign: enlarged mobile, soft posterior cervical triangle lymph nodes)

Hepatosplenomegaly

Dyspnea

Chest pain

Altered Thyroid function

impotece (male)-amenorrhea (female)

34
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Diagnosis

lab results

A

Diagnosis:

Diagnositc imaging (MRI)

Cerebral: may show malfunction white matter hypersensitivity (indicates-late stage disease)

Sterologic Testing

Blood smear shows (trypomastigotes)

Card agglutination test (CATT) for trypanosomiasis

Immunoflorescence

Enzyme immunoassays

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) examination -high immunoglobulin levels in CSF

Disease staging essential

Inc. in leukocytes

Inc. proteins

IgM/Trypanosoma presence

35
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Treatment: medication

A

Antiprotozoal medication

Hemolymphatic stage: Pentamidine, Suramin (for Acute) (treats peripheral blood borne disease)

Meningoencephalitis stage: eflornithine, eflornithine + nufurtimox, Melarsoprol (chronic and CNS invection) (treats the parasite which penetrated the CNS)

36
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

Endemic

A

1. Trypanosoma Brucei-Gambiensi** most common **97% (CHRONIC)

Location: Central and West Africa

2.Trypanosoma Brucei-Rhodesiensi (3%) (ACUTE)

Location: East and South Africa

37
Q
  • Trypanosoma Brucei*
  • Vector:*
  • Form:*
  • Transmission:*
A

Vector: Trypomasitgote in saliva of TseTse Fly contaminates the bite

  • -The parasite are motile with flagella*
  • Has variable surfce glycoprotein coats that undergo constatn antigenic variation to evade the immune system and cause chronic infection

(MUL Parasitology) (10 decks)

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