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YR2: MCD Microbiology > Parasitic Infections > Flashcards

Parasitic Infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define parasite.

A

An organism living in or on a host + dependent on the host for nutrition – causing damage

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2
Q

What is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite?

A

Endoparasite: exist INSIDE the host
Ectoparasite: exist ON the host

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3
Q

What are the two groups of endoparasites and what are the features of organisms within these two groups?

A

Protozoa
Unicellular Eukaryotes (membrane bound nucleus)
Some have insect vectors
NO eosinophilia
Metazoa AKA Helminths/worms
MULTIcellular
Free living, intermediate hosts + vectors
Cause eosinophilia if they invade the blood

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4
Q

State the classes of organisms within the two groups of endoparasites.

A

Protozoa: Amoeba, Coccidia, Ciliates + Flagellates
Metazoa: Roundworms, Flatworms + Flukes

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5
Q

Give 2 examples of amoeba.

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba dispar

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6
Q

Give 3 examples of coccidia.

A

Plasmodium species
Toxoplasma
Cryptosporidium

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7
Q

Give an example of a ciliate.

A

Balantidium coli

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8
Q

Give 4 examples of flagellates.

A

Trypanosoma
Trichomonas
Giardia
Leishmania

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9
Q

What is the main difference between the two types of amoeba?

A

Entamoeba histolytica can cause invasive amoebiasis

Entamoeba dispar is a normal commensal of the GI tract

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10
Q

What is amoeba infection caused by?

A

Ingestion of mature cysts in food or water contaminated by faeces

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11
Q

Describe how E. histolytica infection causes disease. What symptoms result from infection?

A

Cysts enter the small intestine + release active amoebic particles (trophozoites), which invade the epithelial cells of the large intestines, causing flask-shaped ulcers
Infection can spread from the intestines to other organs
Result: asymptomatic, diarrhoea, amoebic liver abscess

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12
Q

What are the treatment options for amoebiasis?

A 
Nitroimidazole derivatives (kills trophozoites, not cysts)  
Parmomycine or Diloxanide Furoate
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13
Q

Give 2 examples of plasmodium that cause malaria

A

Falciparum

Malariae

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14
Q

What are the two types of host for plasmodium?

A

Human

Female anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

What are the two stages of malaria in humans?

A

Liver

Blood

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16
Q

Describe the symptoms of malaria.

A 
PAROXYSMAL (cycle 4-8 hours) 
Fever  
Chills 
Headaches  
Vomiting  
Muscle pain
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17
Q

State 2 serious complications of malaria.

A 
Severe anaemia (due to intravascular haemolysis) 
Cerebral malaria
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18
Q

What is the treatment for uncomplicated malaria?

What is the treatment for severe malaria?

A

Chloroquine

Severe: Artemisinin-based combination therapy

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19
Q

What are the 4 routes of infection of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Eating undercooked meat of animals harbouring tissue cysts
Consuming food or water contaminated with cat faeces
Blood transfusion + Organ transplantation
Transplacentally from mother to foetus

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20
Q

Which group of patients are particularly vulnerable to toxoplasma infection? What can toxoplasma infections cause in these individuals?

A 
Immunocompromised
Fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes
CNS disease  
Brain lesions  
Pneumonitis
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21
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause?

A

DIARRHOEA (mainly in the immunocompromised)
Fever
Nausea + vomiting

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22
Q

How is cryptosporidium treated?

A

Fluid rehydration

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23
Q

How are most diarrhoeal protozoal diseases diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

24
Q

What are the reservoirs of balantidium coli?

A

Primates
Rodents
Pigs

25
Q

What are the 5 effects of balantidium coli infection in immunocompromised patients?

A 
Persistent DIARRHOEA 
Dysentery 
Abdominal pain 
Vomiting  
Nausea
26
Q

How can drinking water be cleared of ovoid giardia lamblia cysts?

A

Filtration

Ovoid cysts can survive standard chlorination procedures

27
Q

What is the main symptom of giardiasis? What are the acute symptoms of giardiasis?

A 
DIARRHOEA
Greasy stools
Abdominal cramps  
Nausea/vomiting
Dehydration
28
Q

How is giardia transmitted?

A

Faeco-oral

29
Q

How is trichomonas transmitted? Where does trichomonas infection mainly tend to reside?

A

Sexually transmitted

Urethra

30
Q

What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Dysuria
Vulval itching
Vaginal discharge
Offensive smelling urine

31
Q

What are the potential complications of trichomoniasis infections?

A

Detrimental outcome on pregnancy, association with preterm delivery + LBW.
Enhances HIV transmission

32
Q

Can adult worms multiply in man?

A

No

33
Q

In which subset of the population is there a significant burden of worms?

A

School-aged children – has a massive impact on their development

34
Q

What are the three groups of Helminths? Give some examples of each.

A

Roundworms: Ascaria, Hookworms, Filaria + Strongyloides
Flatworms: Taenia (tapeworms)
Flukes: Schistosoma

35
Q

Where do the adult ascaria worms live? How long can adult ascaria live?

A

Small intestine

1-2 years

36
Q

Describe the symptoms of ascariasis.

A

Often asymptomatic
Many worms = abdominal pain
Malnourishment (as worms feed on contents of small intestine)
Loeffler’s pneumonia: penetration of larvae into lungs leads to pools of blood + epithelial cells clogging the airspaces

37
Q

How are most helminth infections diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

38
Q

Where do adult hookworms live?

A

Small intestine

39
Q

What is a key feature of hookworm infection and what is this caused by? What other symptoms may present?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia: caused by localised bleeding in the small intestine
GI + respiratory symptoms

40
Q

What is the biological name whipworm? Where do adult whipworms live?

A

Trichuras trichiura

Caecum + ascending colon

41
Q

What are the symptoms of whipworm infection?

A

Bloody diarrhoea + anaemia (due to severe vitamin + iron loss)

42
Q

What is a potential therapeutic use of whipworms?

A

Helminth therapy for allergies + AI diseases

43
Q

What are the two forms of lymphatic filaria? What do both cause?

A

Brugia malayi
Wucheria bancrofti
Obstruction of lymphatics

44
Q

Describe the location of microfilariae in the blood. How is filariasis diagnosed?

A

Peripheral blood at night
Deep veins during the day
Blood smear

45
Q

Which disease caused by filaria presents with worms in the eye?

A

Loiasis

46
Q

What is the insect vector in Loiasis?

A

Chyrops fly

47
Q

What are the three main types of flatworm for which humans are the only definite host? Which tends to cause more symptoms?

A

Taenia solium
Taenia asiatica
Taenia saginata (more symptoms)

48
Q

Describe the symptoms of flatworm infection.

A

Most are asymptomatic
Abdominal pain
Weight loss + Loss of appetite
Upset stomach

49
Q

How is flatworm infection diagnosed?

A

Stool examination – presence of tapeworm segments/ eggs

50
Q

What important condition does Taenia solium cause? What can this lead to?

A

Cysticercosis

Acquired epilepsy

51
Q

What are the three main types of schistosoma?

A

Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum

52
Q

Describe 5 symptoms of schistosomiasis.

A 
Rash or itchy skin  
Fever  
Chills  
Cough  
Muscle aches  
Most are asymptomatic in early stages of infection
53
Q

Name 4 ectoparasites.

A

Sarcoptes scabiei – Scabies (causes rash)
Pediculus humanis capitis (head louse)
Pediculus humanis corporis (body louse)
Pthirus pubis (crab louse)

54
Q

How are ectoparasites transmitted?

A

Direct contact

55
Q

Define infection

A

invasion by + growth of pathogenic microorganisms within the body

56
Q

Define disease

A

disordered functioning of the body resulting from the effect of genetics, infections, poisons etc

YR2: MCD Microbiology (8 decks)

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