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Y2 Micro (MCD) > Parasitic Infections > Flashcards

Parasitic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Define parasite.

A

An organism living in or on a host and dependent on the host for nutrition – causing damage

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2
Q

What is the difference between an endoparasite and an ectoparasite?

A

Endoparasite – exist INSIDE the host Ectoparasite – exist on the host

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3
Q

What are the two groups of endoparasites?

A

Protozoa Metazoa

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4
Q

State the classes of organisms within the two groups of endoparasites.

A

Protozoa

  • Amoeba
  • Coccidia
  • Ciliates
  • Flagellates

Metazoa

  • Roundworms
  • Flatworms
  • Flukes
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5
Q

Give some examples of amoeba.

A

Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba dispa

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6
Q

Give some examples of coccidia.

A
  • Plasmodium species
  • Toxoplasma
  • Cryptosporidium
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7
Q

Give an example of a ciliate.

A

Balantidium coli

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8
Q

Give some examples of flagellates.

A
  • Trypanosoma
  • Trichomonas
  • Giardia
  • Leishmania
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9
Q

What is the main difference between the two types of amoeba?

A

Entamoeba histolytica can cause invasive amoebiasis Entamoeba dispar is a normal commensal of the GI tract

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10
Q

What is amoeba infection caused by?

A

Ingestion of mature cysts in food or water contaminated by faeces

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11
Q

Describe how E. histolytica infection causes disease.

A
  • The cysts enter the small intestine and release active amoebic particles (trophozoites)
  • These invade the epithelial cells of the large intestines
  • This causes flask-shaped ulcers
  • Infection can spread from the intestines to other organs
  • Invasive amoebiasis may often cause amoebic liver abscesses
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12
Q

How many nuclei are there in mature cysts?

A

4

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13
Q

What are the treatment options for amoebiasis?

A

Nitroimidazole derivatives (kills trophozoites but not the cysts) Parmomycine or Diloxanide Furoate

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14
Q

What are the five types of plasmodium that cause malaria?

A

Falciparum Malariae Vivax Ovale Knowlesi

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15
Q

What are the two types of host for plasmodium?

A
  • Human
  • Female anopheles mosquito
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16
Q

What are the two stages of malaria in humans?

A

Liver Blood

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17
Q

Describe the symptoms of malaria.

A

PAROXYSMAL (occurs every 4-8 hours) Fever Chills Headaches Vomiting Muscle pain

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18
Q

State some complications of malaria.

A
  • Severe anaemia (due to intravascular haemolysis)
  • Cerebral malaria
  • Liver failure
  • Shock
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Abnormally low blood sugar
  • Kidney failure
  • Swelling and rupturing of the spleen
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19
Q

What are the treatments for uncomplicated malaria?

A

Chloroquine

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20
Q

What is the treatment for severe malaria?

A

Artemisinin-based combination therapy

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21
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A

Blood film (+ Giemsa stain)

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22
Q

What are the routes of infection of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Eating undercooked meat of animals harbouring tissue cysts Consuming food or water contaminated with cat faeces Blood transfusion Organ transplantation Transplacentally from mother to foetus

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23
Q

Which group of patients are particularly vulnerable to toxoplasma infection?

A

Immunocompromised and in pregnancy - the fetus

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24
Q

What can toxoplasma infections cause in immunocomprimised individuals?

A

CNS disease Brain lesions Pneumonitis Retinochoroiditis

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25
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause?

A

DIARRHOEA (mainly in the immunocompromised)

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26
Q

How is it treated?

A

Fluid rehydration

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27
Q

How are most diarrhoeal protozoal diseases diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

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28
Q

What are the reservoirs of balantidium coli?

A

Primates Rodents Pigs

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29
Q

What are the effects of balantidium coli infection in immunocompromised patients?

A

Persistent DIARRHOEA Dysentery Abdominal pain Vomiting Nausea Note: If left untreated can cause perforation of the colon

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30
Q

How can drinking water be cleared of ovoid giardia lamblia cysts?

A

Filtration Ovoid cysts can survive standard chlorination procedures

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31
Q

What is the main symptom of giardiasis?

A

DIARRHOEA

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32
Q

How is giardia transmitted?

A

Faeco-oral

33
Q

What are the acute symptoms of giardiasis?

A

Diarrhoea Greasy stools that tend to float Stomach or abdominal cramps Nausea/vomiting Dehydration

34
Q

What is the treatment for giardia?

A

Metronidazole - doesn’t kill cysts only the trophozoites

35
Q

How is trichomonas transmitted?

A

Sexually transmitted

36
Q

Where does trichomonas infection mainly tend to reside?

A

Urethra

37
Q

What are the symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Up to 50% aysmptomatic Dysuria Vulval itching Vaginal discharge Offensive smelling urine

38
Q

What effect does trichomonas infection have on HIV transmission?

A

It enhances HIV transmission

39
Q

What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?

A

Metronidazole

40
Q

Can adult worms multiply in man?

A

No

41
Q

In which subset of the population is there a significant burden of worms?

A

School-aged children – this has a massive impact on their development

42
Q

What are the three groups of Helminths(metazoa)? Give some examples of each.

A
  1. Roundworms (nematodes)
  • Ascaria
  • Hookworms
  • Filaria
  • Strongyloides
  1. Flatworms (cestodes)
    * Taenia (tapeworms)
  2. Flukes (trematodes)
    * Schistosoma
43
Q

Where do the adult ascaria worms live?

A

Small intestine

44
Q

Describe the passage of ascaria larvae once they hatch in the small intestine.

A
  • Infective eggs are swallowed
  • The larvae hatch in the small intestine and invade the intestinal mucosa
  • They are carried via the portal and systemic circulation to the lungs
  • The larvae mature further in the lungs, penetrate the alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree and are swallowed
  • When they reach the small intestine, they mature into adult worms
45
Q

How long can adult ascaria live?

A

1-2 years

46
Q

Describe the symptoms of ascariasis.

A

Often asymptomatic Infections with a large number of worms can cause abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction Malnourishment (because of worms feeding on contents of small intestine) Loeffler’s pneumonia – penetration of larvae into lungs leads to pools of blood and epithelial cells clogging the airspaces in the lungs (resulting bacterial infections can be fatal)

47
Q

What is the treatment for ascariasis?

A

Albendazole or Mebendazole

48
Q

How are most helminth infections diagnosed?

A

Stool examination

49
Q

Describe the passage of hookworm larvae across the body.

A

The same as ascaria

50
Q

Where do adult hookworms live?

A

Small intestine Attached by their buccal capsules to the villi of the small intestine

51
Q

What is a key feature of hookworm infection and what is this caused by?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia – caused by localised bleeding in the small intestine

52
Q

What is the treatment for hookworm infection?

A

Albendazole or Mebendazole

53
Q

Where do adult whipworms live?

A

Caecum and ascending colon

54
Q

What are the symptoms of whipworm infection?

A

Blood diarrhoea and anaemia (due to severe vitamin and iron loss) Inflammation of intestinal wall Can develop rectal prolapse

55
Q

What is the treatment for whipworm infections?

A

Albendazole or Mebendazole

56
Q

What is a potential therapeutic use of whipworms?

A

Helminth therapy for allergies and autoimmune diseases

57
Q

Describe the location of microfilariae in the blood.

A

They are found in the peripheral blood at night They are found in the deep veins during the day

58
Q

How is lymphatic filariasis diagnosed?

A

Blood smear Antigen detection with immunochromatic test (ELISA)

59
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Loiasis?

A

Female worms can get into the eye and cross under the conjunctiva so you see something wriggling in your vision

60
Q

What is the insect vector in Loiasis?

A

Chyrops fly

61
Q

Describe the symptoms of flatworm infection.

A

Most people are asymptomatic Abdominal pain Weight loss Loss of appetite Upset stomach NOTE: people with T. saginata infection tend to have more symptoms

62
Q

How is flatworm infection diagnosed?

A

Stool examination – tapeworm segments are found in the stool or identification of eggs in the stool

63
Q

What important condition does Taenia solium cause?

A

Cysticercosis - commonest acquired cause of epilepsy worldwide

64
Q

What is the treatment for flatworm infections?

A

Praziquantel

65
Q

What are the three main types of schistosoma?

A

Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma japonicum

66
Q

What is the intermediate host in schistosoma?

A

Freshwater snails

67
Q

Where do the adult worms live in schistosomiasis?

A

Venule

68
Q

Where do the eggs progressively move to?

A

Small intestine (mansoni and japonicum) Bladder and ureters (haematobium)

69
Q

Describe the symptoms of schistosomiasis.

A

Possible rash or itchy skin Fever Chills Cough Muscle aches Most people have NO SYMPTOMS in early stages of infection

70
Q

What is the treatment of schistosomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

71
Q

Name some ectoparasites.

A

Sarcoptes scabiei – Scabies (causes rash) Pediculus humanis capitis (head louse) Pediculus humanis corporis (body louse) Pthirus pubis (crab louse)

72
Q

How are ectoparasites transmitted?

A

Direct contact

73
Q

What are the features of protozoa?

A

 Unicellular  Eukaryotes (membrane bound nucleus)  Some have insect vectors  NO eosinophilia

74
Q

What are the features of metazoa?

A

 MULTIcellular  They are helminths/worms  Free living, intermediate hosts and vectors  Cause eosinophilia if they invade the blood Cycles involve insects vectors and intermediate hosts For most - few zoonoses

75
Q

What are the reservoirs of E. histolytica?

A

Humans are the only reservoir

76
Q

What are the complications of Trichomoniasis

A

Detrimental outcome on pregnancy and is associated with preterm delivery and low birth weight

77
Q

Define parasite

A

Organism living in or on the host and dependent on it for nutrition - causing damage

78
Q

How do you get infected by a fluke cercaria?

A

Patient has to be in infected water so cercaria can penetrate the skin

79
Q

How are scabies treated?

A

Scabicides

Y2 Micro (MCD) (8 decks)

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