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Microbiology > Parasitic infection > Flashcards

Parasitic infection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define infection

A

Invasion by growth of pathogenic microorganisms within the body.

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2
Q

Define disease

A

A disordered or incorrectly functioning organ/part/structure or system of the body resulting from the effects of genetic or developmental errors, infection, poison, nutritional deficiency or imbalance, toxicity or unfavourable environmental factors

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3
Q

Define a parasite

A

Organism living in or the host and dependent on it for nutrition - causing damage

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4
Q

What are the two types of parasites?

A

Endoparasites

Ectoparasites

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5
Q

What are the two different types of endoparasites?

A

Protozoa

Metazoa

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6
Q

Give 4 examples of Protozoa

A

Amoeba, coccidiae, ciliae, flagellates

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of Metazoa

A

Roundworms, flatworms, flukes

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8
Q

What are Protozoa?

A

Singles celled organisms

All of genome within a nucleus and organelles within cytoplasm

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9
Q

What is the difference between ectoparasites and endoparasites?

A

Ectoparasites live on the surface of the host whereas, endoparasites live inside the body of the host

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10
Q

What can be used to differentiate protozoa from metazoa infection?

A

Protozoa infections are not associated with eosinophilia

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11
Q

What are metazoa?

A

Multi cellular organisms, free living, intermediate hosts and vectors
Some just inhabit the gut others may invade tissue
Eosinophilia if invasion of blood.

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12
Q

Give 2 amoebae species

A

Entamoeba histolytica - diseases/pathogenic

Entamoeba dispar - normal commensal(non-harmful) of GIT

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13
Q

How does amoeba infection occur?

A

Ingestion of mature cysts in food or water or on hands contaminated by faeces.

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14
Q

Give 1 epidemiology fact about Amoeba

A

10% of world infected with E.histolytica
Diarrhoea is main sign
3rd most common death from parasitic infections.

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15
Q

What is the issue with the asymptomatic presentation of amoeba?

A

Pass cysts in the faeces and the asymptomatic carriage state can persist indefinitely, cysts can remain viable for up to 2 months, issue for lesser developed countries where you can’t poo in a toilet.
The cycle is continued for a while.

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16
Q

What can invasive amoebiasis cause?

A

Main symptom is diarrhoea
Amoebic liver abscess
May affect the lung, heart, brain, urinary tract and skin.

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17
Q

How do you diagnose E.histolytica?

A

Microscopy, dispar and histolytica look the same but cysts.
Wet mount and look for the cysts or trophozoite.
Mature cyst will contain 4 nuclei.

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18
Q

Does E.histolytica have an intermediate host?

A

NO

and the human is the final host

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19
Q

Give 3 examples of coccida

A

Coccidal infection in humans are mostly zoonoses(spread from non human animals)
Plasmodium species - malaria
Toxoplasma
Cryptospordium

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20
Q

How is malaria vector born?

A

Transmitted by the bite of a mosquito

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21
Q

What are the 5 different types of plasmodium?

A 
P.falciparum (most severe)
P.ovale
P.malariae
P.vivax
Pknowlesi
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22
Q

How can these different types be differentiated?

A

Different shapes in a blood smear/film

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23
Q

What are the two stages of malaria?

A

Liver stage

Blood stage - actually starts to cause symptoms when parasites are causing symptoms.

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24
Q

Give some symptoms of malaria?

A

Symptoms vary as a result of which parasite has infected the host. P.falciparum is the shortest in onset of presentation.
Cycle of fever, headache, chills, vomiting, muscle pain
Complications - anaemia (destruction of red cells), cerebral malaria(swelling, seizure, coma)

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25
Q

Describe treatment of malaria

A

Differs for uncomplicated and severe malaria.

Severe involves a triple therapy to which some resistance is developing.

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26
Q

How can malaria be diagnonsed?

A

Blood film with Giemsa stain
Rapid test - antigen detection test which is less sensitive, blood film requires more training to make diagnosis and this test is quicker.

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27
Q

What does toxoplasma cause?

A

Mild disease in immunosuppressed individuals: fever, swollen lymph nodes, headache, sore throat
In pregnancy it’s dangerous for the foetus.

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28
Q

What is the intermediate host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

Mice and Cats

Contaminated food with cat faeces.

29
Q

Test gondii?

A

Serological test

30
Q

What is cryptosporidium?

A

Diarrhoea
Immunocomprimised HIV patients are the real vulnerable lads.
Faecal oral transmission.
Diagnosed by stool examination .

31
Q

Give an example of a ciliate

A

Balantidium coli
Faecal oral transmission
Asymptomatic individuals

32
Q

What symptoms will Balantidium coli cause if you are immunocomprimised?

A

Persistent diarrhoea, abdo pain, weight loss, nausea, vomit
Untreated can cause perforation of the intestine.
Asymptomatic carriers that don’t suffer will continue to transmit these parasites.

33
Q

Give an example of a flagellate

A

Giardia lamblia
Common, beautiful swimming parasites at trophozoites stage
Main symptom is diarrhoea
Faecal oral transmission.

34
Q

What are some symptoms of Giardiasis?

A

most people will experience nothing
Acute: Diarrhoea, greasy stools that tend to float, stomach or abdominal cramps, upset stomach or nausea/vomiting and dehydration.
Stool examination
Symptoms dependent on dose of Giardiasis

35
Q

What is another flagellate?

A

Trichomonas

Sexually transmitted

36
Q

What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Females: 10-50% are asymptomatic, vaginal discharge, vulval itching, dysuria, offensive odour.
Male: same percentage asymptomatic, discharge and/or dysuria.

May enhance HIV risk

37
Q

How is trichomoniasis diagnosed?

A

Microscopy - swimming

Rapid test via antigen

38
Q

Give one more example of flagellate

A

Leishmania – sand fly vector, 4 main types of Leishmania

39
Q

What are metazoa also called?

A

Helminths

Worms

40
Q

What are metaezoa?

A

Complex multicellular parasites
Cycles may involve insect vectors and intermediate hosts
For most humans are definitive hosts, few are zoonoses.
Adult worm cannot multiply in man
Lay eggs, microfilaria, larvae

41
Q

Give examples of roundworms

A

Ascaris, hookworm, filaria, strongyloides

42
Q

How long are adult worms?

A 
Male = 15-30cm
Female = 25-35cm
43
Q

Where do adult worms live?

A

Lumen of the small intestine

44
Q

Describe the life cycle of the ascariasis

A

Live in the small intestine and eggs are passed with faeces.
After infective eggs are swallowed, larvae hatch and invade the intestinal mucosa. They are carried via the portal and then systemic circulation to the lungs.
The larvae mature in the lungs, penetrates the alveolar walls, ascends and is then swallowed.
When they reach the small intestine, they develop into adults (live for 1-2 years).

45
Q

What are symptoms and treatment for ascariasis

A

o Symptoms – often asymptomatic but can cause abdominal pain or intestinal obstruction.
 Adults feed on SI contents can compound problems in malnourishment in heavy infection.
 Penetration of lungs can cause Loeffler’s pneumonia – pools of blood clog the lungs.
o Diagnosis – stool examination.
o Treatment – albendazole or mebendazole.

46
Q

What can hookworms(nematode) cause?

A 
Iron deficiency anaemia
Adult hookworms
about 1cm long and curved.
They are attached by their
buccal capsules to the villi
of the small intestine
47
Q

What is life-cycle of Hookworm?

A

 Larvae are carried through the circulatory system to the heart and then lungs.
 Penetrate the alveoli and ascend to be swallowed and reach the SI to mature.
 In the SI, they attach to the lumen and cause localised bleeding.
You have larvae that go through the skin

48
Q

What is trichuris trichiura?

A

Also known as whipworm
Faecal oral transmission
 Eggs hatch in SI and release larvae to mature in colon.
 Adults live in the caecum and ascending colon and are fixed in this location.
 The worms leave open wounds that causes inflammation of the intestinal wall.

49
Q

What are the symptoms and diagnosis technique of whipworm?

A

Only small amounts cause symptoms
o Symptoms – bloody diarrhoea, anaemia (severe vitamin and mineral loss).
Inflammation due to open wounds in intestine, few cases can have rectal prolapse.
o Diagnosis – stool examination.
o Treatment – albendazole or mebendazole.

50
Q

What are the two types of lymphatic filariasis/filaria?

A

Brugia malayi, Wucheria bancrofti.

51
Q

What are symptoms?

A

o Symptoms – Cause elephantiasis when they block the lymphatic systems.
o Microfilariae are found in peripheral blood.
 During the day, they are present in deep veins and at night they migrate to the peripheral circulation.
o Diagnosis – blood smear or antigen detection with an immunochromatic test (CARD) or ELISA.

52
Q

What is easiest way to diagnose?

A

In the night because the microfilariae are in the peripheral in the night

53
Q

What is type of roundworm can get in your eye?

A

Loaiasis Loa Loa

Mainly confined to Africa

54
Q

Give an example of a flatworm

A

Taenia spp.

55
Q

Give an example of a flatworm/cestode

A

Taenia spp.

56
Q

What is the definitive host for tenia?

A

Humans

57
Q

What are the symptoms and transmission?

A

Uncooked meat larvae from muscle of the meat.
Eggs can survive for days to months.
most people are asymptomatic.
 T. saginata (up to 10m) often experience more symptoms – abdominal pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, upset stomach, passes white segment.
 T. solium(up to 3m)causes cysticercosis – most common cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide.

58
Q

Give an example of Flukes/Trematodes

A

Schistosomiasis

59
Q

What are the 3 types of schistosomiasis?

A

Schistosoma mansoni. Eggs to SI.
Schistosoma haematobium. Eggs to bladder and ureter.
Schistosoma japonicum. Eggs to SI.

60
Q

Explain the life cycle of schistosomiasis

A

 Eggs eliminated in water via faeces or urine. These hatch and release miricidia, which penetrates the snail. The snails release cercariae that penetrate the skin.
 They then migrate to different tissues and transform into adults and females which reside in venules. Eggs move progressively towards the lumen of the SI (mansoni and japnicum) or the bladder and ureters (haematobium).

61
Q

What is the vector is schistosomiasis?

A

Snails

62
Q

What is the vector in schistosomiasis?

A

Snails

If snails killed no transmission

63
Q

What are the symptoms of schistosomiasis?

A

 Days – rash/itchy skin – most people are asymptomatic early on.
 Months – fever, chills, cough, myalgia.
Repeated infection in children can cause anaemia, malnutrition and learning difficulties.
o Diagnosis – stool or urine examination.
Treatment – praziquantel.

64
Q

Give an example of an ectoparasite

A

Live on skin

Sarcoptes Scabiei

65
Q

What does sarcoptes scabiei cause?

A

Burrow in the skin and rash, transmission from human to human

66
Q

Give another example of ectoparasites except sarcoptes scabiei

A

Pediculus humanis corporis – body louse.
Pediculus humanis capitis – head louse.
Pthirus pubis – crab louse of pubic area.

67
Q

What are the 3 stages of lice?

A

eggs, nymphs and adult

Transmission by direct contact

68
Q

How is diagnosis of lice made?

A

Finding a live nymph or adult louse on scalp or hair of a person

Microbiology (5 decks)

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