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EPI Parasite and pathogen review > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reservoir and routes of transmission for diphyllobothrium latum?

A

LARGEST HUMAN TAPEWORM
IH: larvae in muscle of fish, fish, small fish eaten by large
DH: mammals - humans
Vehicle: raw infected fresh water or anadromous fish, raw infected fish and Ceviche sushi and pickled herring

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2
Q

What is the reservoir , transmission and clinical signs(since they are different) for Anisakais ?

A

IH: crustaceans, eaten by squid or fish
DH:Marine mammals, humans, adult worms borrow into stomach
Clinically: tingling in throat, cough up or pull out a worm
Transmission: WORLDWIDE raw infected fish and Ceviche sushi and pickled herring, lots of fish….

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3
Q

Gnathostoma Spinigerum reservoir and clinical signs?

A

Found in SE Asia , DH = carnivores

Causes AGGRESSIVE larval migrans

can get from eating raw contaminated fish or water

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4
Q

Capillaria Phillipinesis reservoir and transmission?

A

SE Asia

Risk eating raw fish or drinking contaminated water , autoinfection

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5
Q

Opisthoruc and Clonorcus are flukes of the ?

A

Liver

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6
Q

Opisthorcus and Clonorcus reservoir ?

A

This is a trematode
DH: Humans and other mammals , eggs passed into the water in human and mammal feces

IH: invertebrates and fish

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7
Q

Paragonimus is a ______ fluke. Its DH and IH are?

A

Lung fluke
DH: Humans and other mammals, eggs passed into water in feces
IH: Snail->Crayfish
CS: cough, chest pain etc

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8
Q

If your unlucky and get pargonimus what is a rare, but bad clinical sign?

A

May enter the CNS causing meningitis

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9
Q

Metagoniumus, heterophyidae, echinostomatidae are _______ flukes? They are found in this int host______ in ______ water?

A

Intestinal
DH: people
IH:Snail
Fresh or brackish water

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10
Q

Paralytic shellfish poisoning is produced by a ________ and is a cause of this________?

A

dinoglagellate

red tide

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11
Q

Symptoms of this poisoning begin 1-3 hours after consumption and experiencing numbness, tingling in mouth, arms andlegs?

A

Neurtoxin shellfish poisoning produced by dinoflagellate

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12
Q

The type of toxin found in amnesic shellfish poisnoning?

A

Domoic acid produced by a diatom.

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13
Q

Scrombrotoxin is also know as _____ fish poisoning and the onset of clinical signs are ?

A

histamine fish poisoning

Sudden onset 2mins - 2 hours

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14
Q

Tetrodotoxin is know as ______ poisoning ? Which is a ____ and ____?

A

pufferfish

vasopressor and neurotoxin causes muscle paralysis and victim dies of asphyxiation :(

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15
Q

Ciguatera is found in _____ type of fish and may be seen in St.Kitts. What is the toxin produced?

A

effects people and cats
Tropical reef fish, snapper, grouper , barracuda

Ciguatoxins caused by Dinoflagellate bioaccumulates in food chain and small fish feed on them eaten by larger fish.

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16
Q

True or false intoxication is usually seen with gram negative bacteria and colonizes the GI tract?

A

FALSE

Gram positive and do not colonize GI tract

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17
Q

True or False :Bacterial infections are when bacteria colonizes the GI tract,and is seen with gram negative bacteria?

A

True

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18
Q

Lets play a little game called lets see how well we remember BacT
The reservoir for S.aureus is?

A

Human skin flora and nose

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19
Q

Reservoir for bacillus cerus ?

A

Environmental soil bacterium especially rice

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20
Q

Reservoir for Clostridium botulinum?

A

Soil, stream, lake, costal water, intestinal tract and honey

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21
Q

True or False

  1. Feed infants honey?
  2. The infective dose for c. botulinum is very high?
A

False and false

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22
Q

Clostridium Perfringens is found where?

A

Intestinal tract of animals and soil

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23
Q

Campybacter jejuni likes warm or cold climates? It is commonly transmitted by ?

A

warm

direct contact with farm animals, chickens and has a low infectious dose

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24
Q

This bacteria causes egg associated disease?

A

Salmonella

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25
Q

This bacteria is often found in veggies, plants, and contaminated food?

A

E.Coli

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26
Q

Sewage and water management if very important in the control of this bacteria?

A

Vibrio Cholerae

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27
Q

This bacteria can replicate readily at very cold temperatures?

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

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28
Q

Pregnant women should use caution when eating things such as lunch meat due to this bacteria?

A

Listeria Monocytogenes

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29
Q

What are the four gram positive bacteria of concern with food intoxication? What is the exception?

A 
Exception : botulism toxin is a neurotoxin
Staphylococcus
Bacillus Cerus
Clostridium Botulinum
Clostridium Perfringens
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30
Q

Taeniasis is caused by what stage of tapeworms? It infects which organ?

A

ADULT STAGE and intestines

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31
Q

Cysticercosis infects the _______ and is caused by which stage ?

A

tissues other than intestine and larval stage

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32
Q

Humans contract t. solium by this method?

A

consumption of tapeworm eggs

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33
Q

Cattle, sheep , and pigs get cysticercosis by consuming ______ from ______?

A

tapeworm eggs from human feces

Disgusting !

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34
Q

Humans are the_____ host of taenia infections ?

A

definitive host

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35
Q

How is trichinella transmitted to animals?

A

eat other infected animals where cysts are in the muscle

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36
Q

How is trichinella transmitted to humans?

A

consumption of infected animals and cysts form in muscle

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37
Q

People may get toxoplasma by these two methods?

A
  1. Eating oocysts

2. eating bradyzoites in meat

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38
Q

7 steps of HACCP

Cause I can’t remember them.

A
  1. Analyze hazards
  2. Identify critical control points
  3. Establish preventative measures with critical limits for each control point
  4. Establish procedures to monitor critical control points
  5. Establish corrective actions to be taken
  6. Establish procedures to verify system is working
  7. Establish Effective record keeping
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39
Q

Dark Firm Dry Meat is caused by_________causing a high or low pH?

A

Pre mortem depletion of glycogen

Reduction in lactic acid causing HIGH pH

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40
Q

Pale Soft Exudative

A

Post mortem depletion of Gylcogen causing an accumulation of lactic acid

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41
Q

Product design is based on adjustment and control of factors which are ______?

A

Intrinsic

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42
Q

Process design is a complete range of practical food processing technologies applied_______ to do what?

A

Extrinsically to control identified food borne hazards using 3 K’s

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43
Q

The agreement which Controls international regulation ?

A

Sanitary and phytosanitary measures agreement

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44
Q

Who sets standards at the international level?

A

CAC codex almentarius commission

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45
Q

5 components of national regualtions?

A 
Food law and regulations
Food control Mgmt. -USDA FDA safety
Inspection
Lab services 
Information, education and training
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46
Q

What is the reservoir and routes of transmission for Vibrio Vulnificus ?

A

Warm sea water - requires salt
Transmission -
Vehicle :raw improperly cooked seafood or oysters
Direct: infection of woulds while walking or swimming in contaminated water

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47
Q

Cause of swimmers itch?

A

Schistomsoma- 2nd most important human parasite

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48
Q

How to humans become infected from Fasciola ?

Cows?

A

By eating vegetables contaminated with metacercariae

Cows: by eating vegetation near streams with infected snails.

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49
Q

What is the cause of human neurocysticercosis ?

A

taenia solium

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50
Q

What type of epidemic curve represents contagious disease?

A

Propagated

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51
Q

The latent period is the _______ period of disease ?

A

Infectious

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52
Q

The_______ period of disease if when a virus is replicating , but not symptomatic .

A

incubation

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53
Q

This type of surveillance picks Individuals at random and involves the effort of veterinary and health authorities .

A

Active

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54
Q

Methods of transmission for Brucella

A

Percutaneous, ingestion, mucous membranes

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55
Q

Methods of transmission for Mycobacterium

A

Aerosol, Oral Exposure, percutaneous

56
Q

Methods of transmission for Coxiella

A

Aerosol, percutaneous, mucus membrane

57
Q

Reservoir for Cytrptosporidium Parvum

A

Cattle , this is zoonotic

58
Q

Reservoir for C. Hominis

A

Human-Human

59
Q

What percentage of cattle have Giardia type A

A

10-20%

60
Q

What percentage of dogs and cats may have Giardia type A or B?

A

50%

61
Q

How can accidental hosts be infected with trematodes?

A

Percutaneously

62
Q

Ducks may be a host of this causing swimmers itch?

A

Bird trematodes, resulting in skin lesions

63
Q

4 causes of bovine abortion which are zoonotic

A

Brucella Abortus
Leptospira
Coxiella Burnetii
Listeria Monocytogenes

64
Q

Zoonotic infections in veterinary personnel is usually related to what 4 things?

A
  1. Bite wounds
  2. Exposure to feces
  3. infected skin
  4. droplets- not blood
65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When injecting live vaccines, or aspirating body fluids or tissues the used syringe should be disposed of separate from the needle?

A

False- syringe with attached needle should go into sharps container

66
Q

What is the single most important GLOBAL reservoir for rabies?

A

Domestic dog

67
Q

What are the majority of rabies cases in ?

A

Wildlife raccoons>Skunks>bats>foxes

68
Q

What are the majority of human rabies caused by in the US?

A

Bats

69
Q

What species of animals can be legally vaccinated for rabies?

A

Dogs, cats, ferrets, horses, livestock with frequent contact with people.

70
Q

What species need to be revaccinated?

A

Dogs, cats , ferrets

71
Q

What is the protocol for currently vaccinated animals which have been EXPOSED to rabies?

A

Revaccinate immediately and 45 day home observation.

72
Q

What is the protocol for currently vaccinated animals which have BIT a human ?

A

10 day quarantine with daily exam. Veterinarian needs to examine at the beginning and end of the quarantine.

73
Q

For humans which days do you vaccinate for post exposure vaccine?

A

0,3,7,14

74
Q

Role of veterinary services USDA-FSIS in meat safety - name 4

A

Management, on farm food safety program, meat inspection, certification

75
Q

HACCP is a system for ?

A

preventing contamination of food during processing

76
Q

HACCP is REQUIRED for these 3 processing facilities?

A

Meat, seafood and juice processing facilities

77
Q

Grade A milk leaving the farm must be cooled to ____degrees C within 2 hours

A

7c

78
Q

The somatic cell count of healthy milk AVG in USA

A

230,000/mL

79
Q

Bacterial count in the end product of grade A milk must be less than?

A

less than 20,000

80
Q

Coliform bacteria count after pasteurization must be?

A

less than 10

81
Q

What is the somatic cell count?

A

Number of leukocytes per mL of milk healthy milk will have

82
Q

SCC in mastitis subclinical cases?

A

> 200,000

83
Q

Chemical contaminants in water

A

Methylmercury. Also pesticides and other contaminants MAJOR issue for fishing waters

84
Q

True or False: Toxins and viruses are resistant to radiation?

A

TRUE

85
Q

Uses of ozone in food ?

A

purify drinking water, SURFACE DISINFECTANT, Additive during refrigerated meat storage

86
Q

Top pathogen causing DOMESTICALLY ACQUIRED food borne illness?

A

norovirus

87
Q

Which bacteria is not inactivated by cooking?

A

S. Aureus

Needs to be cooled below 40 F and heated above 140F

88
Q

US federal agencies involved in mgmt of food safety?

A

USDA, FDA, NMFS-national marine fisheries services, EPA- environmental protection agency, homeland security

89
Q

Federal agencies in charge of inspection?

A

FDA and USDA

90
Q

Prevention of vibrio vulnificus and parahaemolyticus?

A

Target vehicle and close waters for fishing and swimming

91
Q

Prevention of D. Latum and Anisakis

A

Cook or freeze - blast freeze -35 15 hours or -20 7 days

92
Q

Histamine fish toxin is caused by ______ and can be prevented by ?

A

Caused by spillage and poor storage at warm temp

Prevent by chilling after catching and storing

93
Q

Cidal is a way to ? Two methods

A

Kill microbes irradiation or ozone

94
Q

Static is a way to ? Methods?

A

Inhibit growth, by refrigeration, low moisture, chemistry

95
Q

Most important transmission of hepatitis

A

fecal-oral then vehicle- contaminated water or food

96
Q

Incubation period of hepatitis and duration

A

INC 28 days average duration variable 2w-3m

97
Q

Prevention of hepatitis? 3 methods

A

vaccine, target vehicle, block transmission

98
Q

Incubation period of norovirus

A

12-48 hours

99
Q

Incubation period of rotovirus

A

1-3days

100
Q

Two forms of bacillus?

A

Enteric- 30 min incubation period and diarrhea form incubation is 8-16h

101
Q

4 zoonotic diseases which cause abortion in cattle

A

Listeria
Brucella abortus
lepto
coxiella

102
Q

A parasite said to be integral to the food means that the parasite is ?

A

The parasite is in the meat

103
Q

Accidental contamination of a parasite means that they contaminate the ?

A

Surface of the food

104
Q

Onset period of boltulinum

A

18-36 hours

105
Q

Most important prevention of norovirus

A

Target food handlers!

106
Q

Pre Harvest Inspection includes?

A

OFFS= on farm food safety

Ante Mortem inspection

107
Q

Associations measured in studies can be a result of what 3 things?

A

Disease, random error, systematic error

108
Q

Prevalence is?

A

The measure of the amount of disease in a population

109
Q

The proportion of cases that are fatal within a specified time following diseases onset or diagnosis is termed?

A

Case fatality rate

110
Q

The measure of association in case control and cross sectional studies?

A

Odd Ratio

111
Q

T/F Reed frost models can not be used for continuously changing population sizeS?

A

True

112
Q

What are the TWO possible associations for retrospective studies?

A

Prevalence and odds

113
Q

What are the TWO possible associations for prospective studies?

A

Relative risk and Attributable risk

114
Q

What ratios are used for case control and cross sectional studies?

A

Odds ratio

115
Q

Cross sectional studies test the _____ ?

A

Population

116
Q

Case control tests the _____?

A

Outcome

117
Q

Define Ro

A

The number of secondary cases caused by an infected individual in an entirely susceptible population

118
Q

Non differential bias?

A

Equally effects groups

119
Q

The proportion of DISEASE FREE individuals in a population who became diseased during a specified period of time?

A

Cumulative incidence

120
Q

Chi-Squared is used for?

A

Categorical data

121
Q

What are the most common rates in scientific papers?

A

cumulative incidence and incidence density

122
Q

What is the study result is valid with repeat to the population under the study mean?

A

It is internal validility

123
Q

When an unknown factor distorts the relationship between the exposure and outcome?

A

Confounding

124
Q

Do PPV and NPV change with prevalence?

A

yes

125
Q

Bias that effects one group more than the other is a

A

differential

126
Q

A clear and objective presentation of the finings with no interruption in a study is found in what section of a paper?

A

Results

127
Q

What is in the introduction of a scientific study?

A

a clear statement or research question

128
Q

What is the methods section of s scientific study?

A

complete and full procedures that should be able to be replicated

129
Q

Best study for determining risk factors?

A

Prospective cohort

130
Q

Define attributable risk

A

overall disease incidence can be attributed to particular exposure

131
Q

Two types of error in scientific study?

A

Random error due to chance or systematic error due to bias

132
Q

Two methods used to estimate how much random vacation there is and whether results were chance

A

confidence intervals and p values

133
Q

What is an analytical epidemiological study?

A

It determines if there is an association between exposure and outcome in a population and how strong association is

134
Q

At what point is disease controlled?

A

When Ro is below 1

135
Q

What are two examples of reducing susceptibles?

A

Vaccines and Isolation/quarentine

136
Q

What is a study population?

A

The sample source from the population

EPI Parasite and pathogen review (1 decks)

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