Parasites Flashcards
What is the reservoir and routes of transmission for diphyllobothrium latum?
LARGEST HUMAN TAPEWORM
IH: larvae in muscle of fish, fish, small fish eaten by large
DH: mammals - humans
Vehicle: raw infected fresh water or anadromous fish, raw infected fish and Ceviche sushi and pickled herring
What is the reservoir , transmission and clinical signs(since they are different) for Anisakais ?
IH: crustaceans, eaten by squid or fish
DH:Marine mammals, humans, adult worms borrow into stomach
Clinically: tingling in throat, cough up or pull out a worm
Transmission: WORLDWIDE raw infected fish and Ceviche sushi and pickled herring, lots of fish….
Gnathostoma Spinigerum reservoir and clinical signs?
Found in SE Asia , DH = carnivores
Causes AGGRESSIVE larval migrans
can get from eating raw contaminated fish or water
Capillaria Phillipinesis reservoir and transmission?
SE Asia
Risk eating raw fish or drinking contaminated water , autoinfection
Opisthoruc and Clonorcus are flukes of the ?
Liver
Opisthorcus and Clonorcus reservoir ?
This is a trematode
DH: Humans and other mammals , eggs passed into the water in human and mammal feces
IH: invertebrates and fish
Paragonimus is a ______ fluke. Its DH and IH are?
Lung fluke
DH: Humans and other mammals, eggs passed into water in feces
IH: Snail->Crayfish
CS: cough, chest pain etc
If your unlucky and get pargonimus what is a rare, but bad clinical sign?
May enter the CNS causing meningitis
Metagoniumus, heterophyidae, echinostomatidae are _______ flukes? They are found in this int host______ in ______ water?
Intestinal
DH: people
IH:Snail
Fresh or brackish water
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is produced by a ________ and is a cause of this________?
dinoglagellate
red tide
Symptoms of this poisoning begin 1-3 hours after consumption and experiencing numbness, tingling in mouth, arms andlegs?
Neurtoxin shellfish poisoning produced by dinoflagellate
The type of toxin found in amnesic shellfish poisnoning?
Domoic acid produced by a diatom.
Scrombrotoxin is also know as _____ fish poisoning and the onset of clinical signs are ?
histamine fish poisoning
Sudden onset 2mins - 2 hours
Tetrodotoxin is know as ______ poisoning ? Which is a ____ and ____?
pufferfish
vasopressor and neurotoxin causes muscle paralysis and victim dies of asphyxiation :(
Ciguatera is found in _____ type of fish and may be seen in St.Kitts. What is the toxin produced?
effects people and cats
Tropical reef fish, snapper, grouper , barracuda
Ciguatoxins caused by Dinoflagellate bioaccumulates in food chain and small fish feed on them eaten by larger fish.
True or false intoxication is usually seen with gram negative bacteria and colonizes the GI tract?
FALSE
Gram positive and do not colonize GI tract
True or False :Bacterial infections are when bacteria colonizes the GI tract,and is seen with gram negative bacteria?
True
Lets play a little game called lets see how well we remember BacT
The reservoir for S.aureus is?
Human skin flora and nose
Reservoir for bacillus cerus ?
Environmental soil bacterium especially rice
Reservoir for Clostridium botulinum?
Soil, stream, lake, costal water, intestinal tract and honey
True or False
- Feed infants honey?
- The infective dose for c. botulinum is very high?
False and false
Clostridium Perfringens is found where?
Intestinal tract of animals and soil
Campybacter jejuni likes warm or cold climates? It is commonly transmitted by ?
warm
direct contact with farm animals, chickens and has a low infectious dose
This bacteria causes egg associated disease?
Salmonella
This bacteria is often found in veggies, plants, and contaminated food?
E.Coli
Sewage and water management if very important in the control of this bacteria?
Vibrio Cholerae
This bacteria can replicate readily at very cold temperatures?
Listeria Monocytogenes
Pregnant women should use caution when eating things such as lunch meat due to this bacteria?
Listeria Monocytogenes
What are the four gram positive bacteria of concern with food intoxication? What is the exception?
Exception : botulism toxin is a neurotoxin Staphylococcus Bacillus Cerus Clostridium Botulinum Clostridium Perfringens
Taeniasis is caused by what stage of tapeworms? It infects which organ?
ADULT STAGE and intestines
Cysticercosis infects the _______ and is caused by which stage ?
tissues other than intestine and larval stage
Humans contract t. solium by this method?
consumption of tapeworm eggs
Cattle, sheep , and pigs get cysticercosis by consuming ______ from ______?
tapeworm eggs from human feces
Disgusting !
Humans are the_____ host of taenia infections ?
definitive host
How is trichinella transmitted to animals?
eat other infected animals where cysts are in the muscle
How is trichinella transmitted to humans?
consumption of infected animals and cysts form in muscle
People may get toxoplasma by these two methods?
- Eating oocysts
2. eating bradyzoites in meat
7 steps of HACCP
Cause I can’t remember them.
- Analyze hazards
- Identify critical control points
- Establish preventative measures with critical limits for each control point
- Establish procedures to monitor critical control points
- Establish corrective actions to be taken
- Establish procedures to verify system is working
- Establish Effective record keeping
Dark Firm Dry Meat is caused by_________causing a high or low pH?
Pre mortem depletion of glycogen
Reduction in lactic acid causing HIGH pH
Pale Soft Exudative
Post mortem depletion of Gylcogen causing an accumulation of lactic acid
Product design is based on adjustment and control of factors which are ______?
Intrinsic
Process design is a complete range of practical food processing technologies applied_______ to do what?
Extrinsically to control identified food borne hazards using 3 K’s
The agreement which Controls international regulation ?
Sanitary and phytosanitary measures agreement
Who sets standards at the international level?
CAC codex almentarius commission
5 components of national regualtions?
Food law and regulations Food control Mgmt. -USDA FDA safety Inspection Lab services Information, education and training
What is the reservoir and routes of transmission for Vibrio Vulnificus ?
Warm sea water - requires salt
Transmission -
Vehicle :raw improperly cooked seafood or oysters
Direct: infection of woulds while walking or swimming in contaminated water
Cause of swimmers itch?
Schistomsoma- 2nd most important human parasite
How to humans become infected from Fasciola ?
Cows?
By eating vegetables contaminated with metacercariae
Cows: by eating vegetation near streams with infected snails.
What is the cause of human neurocysticercosis ?
taenia solium
What type of epidemic curve represents contagious disease?
Propagated
The latent period is the _______ period of disease ?
Infectious
The_______ period of disease if when a virus is replicating , but not symptomatic .
incubation
This type of surveillance picks Individuals at random and involves the effort of veterinary and health authorities .
Active
Methods of transmission for Brucella
Percutaneous, ingestion, mucous membranes
Methods of transmission for Mycobacterium
Aerosol, Oral Exposure, percutaneous
Methods of transmission for Coxiella
Aerosol, percutaneous, mucus membrane
Reservoir for Cytrptosporidium Parvum
Cattle , this is zoonotic
Reservoir for C. Hominis
Human-Human
What percentage of cattle have Giardia type A
10-20%
What percentage of dogs and cats may have Giardia type A or B?
50%
How can accidental hosts be infected with trematodes?
Percutaneously
Ducks may be a host of this causing swimmers itch?
Bird trematodes, resulting in skin lesions
4 causes of bovine abortion which are zoonotic
Brucella Abortus
Leptospira
Coxiella Burnetii
Listeria Monocytogenes
Zoonotic infections in veterinary personnel is usually related to what 4 things?
- Bite wounds
- Exposure to feces
- infected skin
- droplets- not blood
TRUE OR FALSE: When injecting live vaccines, or aspirating body fluids or tissues the used syringe should be disposed of separate from the needle?
False- syringe with attached needle should go into sharps container
What is the single most important GLOBAL reservoir for rabies?
Domestic dog
What are the majority of rabies cases in ?
Wildlife raccoons>Skunks>bats>foxes
What are the majority of human rabies caused by in the US?
Bats
What species of animals can be legally vaccinated for rabies?
Dogs, cats, ferrets, horses, livestock with frequent contact with people.
What species need to be revaccinated?
Dogs, cats , ferrets
What is the protocol for currently vaccinated animals which have been EXPOSED to rabies?
Revaccinate immediately and 45 day home observation.
What is the protocol for currently vaccinated animals which have BIT a human ?
10 day quarantine with daily exam. Veterinarian needs to examine at the beginning and end of the quarantine.
For humans which days do you vaccinate for post exposure vaccine?
0,3,7,14
Role of veterinary services USDA-FSIS in meat safety - name 4
Management, on farm food safety program, meat inspection, certification
HACCP is a system for ?
preventing contamination of food during processing
HACCP is REQUIRED for these 3 processing facilities?
Meat, seafood and juice processing facilities
Grade A milk leaving the farm must be cooled to ____degrees C within 2 hours
7c
The somatic cell count of healthy milk AVG in USA
230,000/mL
Bacterial count in the end product of grade A milk must be less than?
less than 20,000
Coliform bacteria count after pasteurization must be?
less than 10
What is the somatic cell count?
Number of leukocytes per mL of milk healthy milk will have
SCC in mastitis subclinical cases?
> 200,000
Chemical contaminants in water
Methylmercury. Also pesticides and other contaminants MAJOR issue for fishing waters
True or False: Toxins and viruses are resistant to radiation?
TRUE
Uses of ozone in food ?
purify drinking water, SURFACE DISINFECTANT, Additive during refrigerated meat storage
Top pathogen causing DOMESTICALLY ACQUIRED food borne illness?
norovirus
Which bacteria is not inactivated by cooking?
S. Aureus
Needs to be cooled below 40 F and heated above 140F
US federal agencies involved in mgmt of food safety?
USDA, FDA, NMFS-national marine fisheries services, EPA- environmental protection agency, homeland security
Federal agencies in charge of inspection?
FDA and USDA
Prevention of vibrio vulnificus and parahaemolyticus?
Target vehicle and close waters for fishing and swimming
Prevention of D. Latum and Anisakis
Cook or freeze - blast freeze -35 15 hours or -20 7 days
Histamine fish toxin is caused by ______ and can be prevented by ?
Caused by spillage and poor storage at warm temp
Prevent by chilling after catching and storing
Cidal is a way to ? Two methods
Kill microbes irradiation or ozone
Static is a way to ? Methods?
Inhibit growth, by refrigeration, low moisture, chemistry
Most important transmission of hepatitis
fecal-oral then vehicle- contaminated water or food
Incubation period of hepatitis and duration
INC 28 days average duration variable 2w-3m
Prevention of hepatitis? 3 methods
vaccine, target vehicle, block transmission
Incubation period of norovirus
12-48 hours
Incubation period of rotovirus
1-3days
Two forms of bacillus?
Enteric- 30 min incubation period and diarrhea form incubation is 8-16h
4 zoonotic diseases which cause abortion in cattle
Listeria
Brucella abortus
lepto
coxiella
A parasite said to be integral to the food means that the parasite is ?
The parasite is in the meat
Accidental contamination of a parasite means that they contaminate the ?
Surface of the food
Onset period of boltulinum
18-36 hours
Most important prevention of norovirus
Target food handlers!
Pre Harvest Inspection includes?
OFFS= on farm food safety
Ante Mortem inspection
Associations measured in studies can be a result of what 3 things?
Disease, random error, systematic error
Prevalence is?
The measure of the amount of disease in a population
The proportion of cases that are fatal within a specified time following diseases onset or diagnosis is termed?
Case fatality rate
The measure of association in case control and cross sectional studies?
Odd Ratio
T/F Reed frost models can not be used for continuously changing population sizeS?
True
What are the TWO possible associations for retrospective studies?
Prevalence and odds
What are the TWO possible associations for prospective studies?
Relative risk and Attributable risk
What ratios are used for case control and cross sectional studies?
Odds ratio
Cross sectional studies test the _____ ?
Population
Case control tests the _____?
Outcome
Define Ro
The number of secondary cases caused by an infected individual in an entirely susceptible population
Non differential bias?
Equally effects groups
The proportion of DISEASE FREE individuals in a population who became diseased during a specified period of time?
Cumulative incidence
Chi-Squared is used for?
Categorical data
What are the most common rates in scientific papers?
cumulative incidence and incidence density
What is the study result is valid with repeat to the population under the study mean?
It is internal validility
When an unknown factor distorts the relationship between the exposure and outcome?
Confounding
Do PPV and NPV change with prevalence?
yes
Bias that effects one group more than the other is a
differential
A clear and objective presentation of the finings with no interruption in a study is found in what section of a paper?
Results
What is in the introduction of a scientific study?
a clear statement or research question
What is the methods section of s scientific study?
complete and full procedures that should be able to be replicated
Best study for determining risk factors?
Prospective cohort
Define attributable risk
overall disease incidence can be attributed to particular exposure
Two types of error in scientific study?
Random error due to chance or systematic error due to bias
Two methods used to estimate how much random vacation there is and whether results were chance
confidence intervals and p values
What is an analytical epidemiological study?
It determines if there is an association between exposure and outcome in a population and how strong association is
At what point is disease controlled?
When Ro is below 1
What are two examples of reducing susceptibles?
Vaccines and Isolation/quarentine
What is a study population?
The sample source from the population
