Parasites

Question 1

Malaria Plasmodium species

Answer 1

falciparum, malariae, vivax and ovale

Question 2

P. falciparum is responsible for nearly all of the mortality; risk factors:

Answer 2

age<5 yr, pregnancy and reduced immunity.

Question 3

) P. falciparum

Answer 3

most dangerous. By invading erythrocytes of any age, sequestering in the vasculature, and producing endotoxin-like products, this species can cause an overwhelming parasitemia, hypoglycemia, and shock with multiorgan failure. Delay in treatment may lead to death. If treated early, the infection usually responds within 48 hours. If treatment is inadequate, recrudescence of infection may result (resumption of activity or infection; a relapse)

Question 4

P. vivax

Answer 4

infection has a low mortality rate in untreated adults and is characterized by relapses caused by the reactivation of latent tissue forms (hypnozoites)

Question 5

) P. ovale

Answer 5

malarial infection with a periodicity and relapses similar to those of P. vivax, but it is milder

Question 6

P. malariae

Answer 6

indolent infection (one indisposed to development or action; sluggish). Common in localized areas of the tropics. Clinical attacks may occur years or decades after infection

Question 7

Which drugs kill sporozoties?

Answer 7

NONE

Question 8

Which drugs are effective against all liver and red cell stages?

Answer 8

NONE. requires combination

Question 9

Class I agents are active on

Answer 9

asexual erythrocytic forms (merozoites, trophozoites and RBC-schizonts)
symptomatic malaria

Question 10

Class I not reliable against

Answer 10

Primary liver stages (hepatic schizonts)
Latent liver stages (hypnozoites)
P. falciparum gametocytes (sexual blood forms that are infectious for uninfected mosquitos)

Question 11

Class II active on

Answer 11

Active on the asexual erythrocytic forms
Active on the primary liver stages of P. falciparum only (NOT the other species mentioned)
(AFO)

Question 12

Class III active on

Answer 12

primary (tissue schizont) and latent (hypnozoite - P. vivav and P. ovale -relapses) liver stages as well as gametocytes (“male” & “female” sexual forms)

Question 13

Class III not used against

check this

Answer 13

asexual erythrocytic forms (merozoites, trophozoites and RBC-schizonts)
not for symptomatic malaria

Question 14

Class I agents

Answer 14

• Chloroquine
• Hydroxy-chloroquine
• Quinine, Quinidine
• Mefloquine (reserved)
• Pyrimethamine & Sulfadoxine
• Tetracyclines

Question 15

Class 2 agents

Answer 15

Atovaquone & Proguanil

Question 16

Class 3 agents

Answer 16

Primaquine