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Foundations Of Medicine > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite

A

An organism that lives in another organism (host) and gets its food at the expense of the host

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2
Q

What are the 3 classes of parasites

A

Protozoa, Helminths (worms) and Ectoparasites

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3
Q

What are examples of protozoa

A

Malaria, Amoebae and Flagellates

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4
Q

Define protozoa

A

Single-celled organism

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5
Q

What are the two ways of transmission of protozoa

A
  1. Protozoa that live in a humans intestine - faecal-oral route
  2. Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans - insect vector
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6
Q

How is malaria spread

A

Through insect vector (mosquito)

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7
Q

Which protozoa is responsible for malaria

A

Plasmodium parasites (5 species)

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8
Q

What symptoms does patient with malaria experience

A

Fever, chills, and flu-like illness. If left untreated, the patient could worsen or die

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9
Q

How is malaria diagnosed

A

Blood microscopy used to find the plasmodium parasites (thick and thin blood films)

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10
Q

How is amoebae transmitted

A

Faecal-oral route

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11
Q

What is the source of nutrient for amoebae

A

Red blood cells

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of amoebae

A

Dysentery (blood diarrhoea) and if left for longer, could cause liver abscess

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13
Q

Which protozoa is responsible for amoebae

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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14
Q

How is amoebae diagnosed

A

Cyst found in stool

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15
Q

What are examples of Helminths (worms)

A

Nematodes (round worms), cestodes (tape worms), and tematodes (flat worms)

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16
Q

How are nematodes transmitted

A

Faecal-oral route

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17
Q

What does the nematode Enterobiasis (pinworm) cause

A

Anal itch especially at night (mostly in children)

18
Q

How to diagnose Enterobiasis

A

Press adhesive sellotape in perianal region in the morning and any eggs will be seen down the microscope

19
Q

What is the treatment for Enterobiasis

A

Anti-helminth treatment (taken on day 1 and then the second dose taken on day 7)

20
Q

What is a common nematode

A

Ascaris Lumbricoides

21
Q

What does Ascaris Lumbricoides cause

A

The ingested eggs hatch in the bowel/i testine and grow to become adult worms which release eggs into the stool which can be seen down the microscope

22
Q

What symptoms does Ascaris Lumbricoides cause?

A

Usually asymptomatic but may cause failure to thrive in children. A mass of worms may obstruct the small intestine or common bile duct

23
Q

What are the 2 most common species of cestodes

A

Taenia saginata (beef) and taenia solium (pork)

24
Q

How are cestodes spread

A

Human is infected by eating raw or uncooked beef or pork meaning they eat larval cysts which mature into adult tapeworms in the gut and come out in the stool

25
Q

What complications can Taenia solium (pork) cause

A

Neurocysticerosis (cyst travels to the brain)

26
Q

How are tematodes (flatworms) transmitted

A

Insect vector

27
Q

How are cestodes transmitted

A

Insect vector

28
Q

Which 3 common species cause schistosomiasis

A

Schistosomes species: S. haematobium (bladder), S. mansoni (intestinal), and S. japonicum (intestinal)

29
Q

Where are high rates of tematodes found

A

Infected fresh water

30
Q

What is the intermediate host for tematodes

A

Snails

31
Q

How do tematodes infect the body

A

Cercaria penetrate humans. Skin - bloodstream - liver - either bowel or bladder - release egg into the urine or stool

32
Q

What symptom do tematodes cause

A

Swimmers itch

33
Q

What complications (if left untreated) can tematodes cause

A

Liver failure and bladder cancer

34
Q

How are ectoparasites described as

A

Parasites that live outside the body with most of them being insects or arachnids

35
Q

What are examples of ectoparasites

A

Lice, ticks and mites

36
Q

What do ticks transmit

A
  1. Lyme disease/borelliosis in Scotland
  2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in the USA
  3. Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in the Middle East
37
Q

What findings can be found when diagnosing Helminth

A
  1. Eosinophilia (WBC called eosinophils is high in the body)
  2. Elevated IgE
38
Q

What indirect testing can be used for parasite diagnosis

A
  1. Rapid diagnostic test
  2. Serology (detection of antibodies)
39
Q

Where do protozoa that are transmitted by the faecal-oral route live

A

Human intestine

40
Q

Where do protozoa that are transmitted by a insect vector live

A

Blood or tissue of humans

41
Q

What can be identified from microscope

A

Ova, cysts, and parasites

Foundations Of Medicine (3 decks)

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