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Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mode of transportation for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

fecal oral/ oral anal

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2
Q

Clinical presentation of Entamoeba histolytica

A

• Amebic colitis / Amebic dysentery (invasive, so bloody diarrhea with blood + PMNs)
• Trophozoite (vegetative form)→ disintegrates to form a cyst (infectious form) → stomach acid breaks it apart →parasite enters the colon → multiplies, vegetates and invades
• Amebic liver abscess
Flask-shaped ulcers →

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3
Q

Diagnosis of Entamoeba

A

serology and/or trophozoites or cysts (multi-nucleated) in the stool

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4
Q

Treatment of Entamoeba

A
  • Noninvasive disease: paromomycin

* Invasive disease: metronidazole

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5
Q

Mode of transportation: Giardia lamblia

A

Contaminated water
• Fecal-oral transmission
• Sylvatic distribution in streams, lake
• * Beaver fever → exists as a commensal in beavers

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6
Q

Clinical presentation: Giardia lamblia

A
  • Foul-smelling stools, cramping, explosive watery diarrhea
  • Malabsorption syndrome: steatorrhea → fat in the stool
  • Malodorous, mushy, greasy stool
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7
Q

Diagnosis: Giardia lamblia

A

trophozoites or cysts in stool; pear-shaped; 2 nuclei the same

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8
Q

Treatment: Giardia lamblia

A

metronidazole

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9
Q

Mode of transmission: Balantidium coli

A

fecal oral; Reservoir is pigs → boar hunter, slaughterer, farmer

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10
Q

Clinical presentation: Balantidium coli

A

bloody diarrhea;

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11
Q

Treatment: Balantidium coli

A

Tetracylcine

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12
Q

Mode of transmission: Isospora belli

A

contaminated water/food. oral/anal

AIDS patients susceptible

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13
Q

Clinical presentation: Isosopra belli

A

Mimics giardiasis with malabsorption
loose-foul smelling stools
chronic weight-loss, anorexia, malaise and fatigue can be seen

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14
Q

Diagnosis: Isospora belli

A
    • Stains acid-fast

* Iodine-stained stool smears used in diagnosis

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15
Q

Treatment: Isospora belli

A

• TMP-SMX

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16
Q

Mode of transmission: cryptosporidium

A
  • Water-borne
  • Oocyst is stable and able to resist chlorination → will be found in bodies of water, including residential or community pools
  • AIDS patients are susceptible
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17
Q

Clinical Presentation: cryptosporidium

A
  • “Crypto”: frequent, explosive, watery diarrhea → dehydration and vomiting
  • In AIDS patients, > 50 stools/day that can last for month to years
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18
Q

Diagnosis: cryptosporidium

A

cysts on stains acid-fast

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19
Q

Treatment: crptosporidium

A

prevention; Replace fluid and electrolytes

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20
Q

Mode of transmission: cyclospora cayetanensis

A
  • Acquired from contaminated water or food
    • Raspberries in Guatemala
    • Basil in Mexico
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21
Q

Clinical presentation: cyclospora cayetanensis

A
  • Similar to “Crypto”

* Explosive, watery diarrhea

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22
Q

Diagnosis: cyclospora cayentanensis

A

Stains acid-fast

Fluoresces blue under UV light

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23
Q

Treatment: cyclospora cayen

A

• TMP-SMX

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24
Q

Mode of transmission: Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A
  • Endemic in the U.S., especially in children
  • Fecal-oral transmission
  • Acquired by ingestion of sticky eggs and autoinfection
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25
Clinical Presentation: Enterobius vermicularis
* Intense perianal nocturnal itching | * Females lay their eggs around the anus, which are removed and transmitted as the children scratch their “botitos”
26
Diagnosis: Enterobius vermicularis
Cellophane tape used for diagnosis
27
Treatment: Enterobius vermicularis
* Pyrantel pamoate (OTC) | * Mebendazole or albendazole (Treat whole family)
28
Mode of transmission: Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
* Fecal-oral transmission | * Acquired from food or water as ingested eggs
29
Clinical Presentation: Ascaris lumbricoides
``` Early phase: lungs • Coughed up and swallowed into GI tract Late phase: GI tract • Bolus obstructs the bowel • Can migrate to the liver ```
30
Diagnosis: Ascaris lumbricoides
* * Knobby-coated, oval-shaped egg | * Bile-stained
31
Treatment: Ascaris lumbricoides
• Albendazole
32
Mode of transmission: Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
Fecal-oral
33
Clinical presentation: -Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
* Watery to bloody diarrhea → if severe, rectal prolapse * Trichuris dysentery syndrome in infants * Bloody, mucoid diarrhea * Anemia * Growth retardation
34
Diagnosis: Trichuris trichiura
Barrel-shaped egg with plugs at the ends
35
Treatment: Trichuris trichiura
• Mebendazole
36
Mode of transmission: Necator americanus
fecal oral; Generally acquired by stepping on larval worm in sandy soil
37
Clinical presentaton: Necator americanus
Early phase • Larval migration from foot → lungs • Itching, localized maculopapular eruption on the foot Late phase • Coughed up from the lung → swallowed into GI tract • Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Microcytic, hypochromatic anemia
38
Diagnosis: Necator americanus
Early phase → larval migration • Eosinophilia, normal stool • Patchy infiltrate on chest X-ray and productive sputum Late phase • Non bile-stained, segmented, thin shelled eggs in stool
39
Treatment: Necator americanus
* Albendazole; second line includes mebendazole or thiabendazole for migrating larvae * Iron therapy for anemia; if severe, transfusion is necessary
40
Mode of transmission: Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
Fecal oral
41
Clinical presentation: Strongyloides stercoralis
* Vomiting, diarrhea (bloody), malabsorption * Hyperinfection syndrome * Larvae spread throughout body → meningitis, secondary bacteremia
42
Diagnosis: Strongyloides stercoralis
* Microscopy of larval worms in the stool is used for diagnosis * Similar to hookworm, but the eggs hatching in intestine causing an autoinfection
43
Treatment: Strongyloides stercoralis
vermectin
44
Mode of transmission: Trichinella spiralis
* Acquired from larvae ingested in undercooked meat * Pork, bear, fox, walrus meat * * Larvae found in undercooked bear meat or infected worm
45
Clinical presentation: Trichinella spiralis
* Fever, myalgias, eosinophilia, periorbital edema | * Lethal when heart, brain, or lungs are infected
46
Treatment: Trichinella spiralis
* Bed rest, antipyretics and analgesics | * Albendazole for adult worms
47
Mode of transmission: Fasciolopsis buski (fluke)
• ALL flukes have a clam or snail intermediate host, which is infected by free-swimming cercaria • Fecal-oral transmission, with the metacercariae being injested (except for schistosomes) *water chestnuts o Seen most often in China, Vietnam, Thailand and India
48
Clinical presentation: Fasciolopsis buski
o Diarrhea alternating with constipation o Anorexia, nausea, vomiting o Malabsporption syndrome (like Giardia and Isospora)
49
Diagnosis: Fasciolopsis buski
o Large, bile-stained, operculated eggs in stool • Flat, leaf-shaped worm • Larger than nematodes
50
Treatment: Fasciolopsis buskhi
o Praziquantel
51
Mode of transmission: Fasciola hepatica (fluke)
fecal / oral ALL flukes have a clam or snail intermediate host, which is infected by free-swimming cercaria • Acquired from water cress (sheep liver)
52
Clinical presentation: Fasciola hepatica
o Hepatitis, biliary obstruction
53
Diagnosis: Fasciola hepatica
o Eggs in stool used for diagnosis
54
Treatment: Fasciola hepatica
o Bithionol
55
Mode of transmission: C. sinesis
fecal oral • Acquired from raw freshwater fish chinese liver
56
Treatment: C. sinesis
o Praziquantel
57
Mode of transmission: S. mansoni
reservoir hosts, specifically primates and rodents
58
Clinical presentation: S. mansoni
o Bloody diarrhea due to “clay pipestem fibrosis” | • Fibrous tissue surrounds portal vein in liver
59
Diagnosis: S. mansoni
o Large eggs have * lateral spine (terminal spines are associated with Schistosoma hemaetobium)
60
Treatment: S. mansoni
o Praziquantel
61
Mode of transmission: Taenia solium (tapeworm)
eating undercooked pork; not in U.S
62
Clinical presentation: Taenia solium
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, ingestion Cysticercosis (ingestion of eggs) only caused by T. solium Autoinfection Larvae disseminate → calcify in tissue → neurocysticercosis, muscle and connective tissue
63
Diagnosis: Taenia solium
* Flat and ribbon like * Head (scolex) has cup-shaped sucker and hook * * Proglottids = segmented bodies * Can use CT or MRI can be used for calcified cyst identification
64
Treatment: Taenia solium
• Praziquantel
65
Mode of transmission: Diphyllobothrium latum
• Acquired from undercooked freshwater fish, raw fish, and pickled fish (“Gefilte fish”)
66
Clinical presentation: Diphyllobothrium latum
• Depletion of vitamin B12
67
Treatment: Diphyllobothrium latum
• Niclosamide
68
Mode of transmission: Taenia saginata
* Acquired from undercooked beef | * In the U.S., and seen worldwide
69
Mode of transmission: Echinococcus
• Sheep-herders are particularly susceptible → host are in dogs and foxes
70
Clinical presentation: Echinococcus
• Hydatid cyst disease within the liver and the lung
71
Treatment: Echinococcus
surgery

GI MICRO (2 decks)

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