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3. Cat & Dog 3 > Parasite control programs for dogs and cats 3 > Flashcards

Parasite control programs for dogs and cats 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which intestinal parasites in dogs/cats require preventive treatment?

A
  1. Roundworms
  2. Hookworms
  3. Whipworms?
  4. Tapeworms?
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2
Q

Toxocara canis life cycle, transmission routes

A
  • adult worms lay eggs in small intestine
  • eggs passed in feces > not immediately infective, need a few weeks in environment
  • eggs embryonate
  • embryonated eggs in feces, ingested by dog or intermediate host
  • if ingested by intermediate host, tissue of intermediate host ingested by dog…
    <><><><>
    Four transmission routes:
  • transplacental
  • transmammary
  • direct ingestion of embryonated egg
  • ingestion of infected intermediate host
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3
Q

at what age will puppies shed eggs in feces, if infected with toxocara canis?

A

eggs in feces by 3 weeks of age

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4
Q

Toxocara canis in bitch - transmission to puppies? relevance?

A
  1. Parasites accumulate in tissues over entire life
  2. Tissue parasites reactivated ~3 weeks before whelping:
    > uterus > fetuses
    > mammary gland > milk
    > intestine > eggs in feces
    <><><><>
    treat the mother at the same time as puppies!!!
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5
Q

Toxocara canis
Prevalence:

A
  • ~ 4% dogs overall in southern Ontario
  • higher in dogs < 6 months of age (e.g. 14% in Niagara pups)
  • in adult dogs - more common in lactating bitches
  • strays > well cared for dogs
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6
Q

Toxocara canis
Clinical signs:

A
  • subclinical infections are common
  • emaciation, rough hair coat
  • mucoid diarrhea, vomiting (+/-parasites)
  • abdominal distension
  • clinical disease most severe in young pups
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7
Q

Toxocara cati life cycle? transmission routes?

A
  • eggs passed in feces
  • eggs embryonate
  • emryonated eggs in feces ingested by cat or intermediate host
  • if egg ingested by intermediate host, intermediate host now ingested by cat…
    <><><>
    Three transmission routes:
  • transmammary (minor for this parasite)
  • ingestion of embyonated egg
  • ingestion of infected intermediate host
    <><>
    NOTE: No transplacental!!
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8
Q

at what age do we see toxocara cati eggs in the feces of infected kittens?

A

eggs in feces by 4-5 weeks of age

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9
Q

Toxocara cati
- prevalence
- age for patent infections from transmamamry route

A
  • ~5% cats overall in southern Ontario
  • higher prevalence in kittens + feral cats
    (e.g. 12% in Niagara kittens)
  • transmammary infection considered a minor route of infection in kittens:
    > patent infections by ~4-5 weeks
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10
Q

Toxocara cati
Clinical signs:

A
  • similar to T. canis, but less severe
  • subclinical infections = common
  • unthriftiness
  • intermittent diarrhea, vomiting (+/- parasites)
  • abdominal distension
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11
Q

Human toxocarosis - conditions caused by T. canis and cati, transmission
- prevalence

A

T. canis – most common cause of “Visceral Larva Migrans” and “Ocular Larva Migrans”
T. cati – also zoonotic
<><>
Infection > ingestion of infective eggs (after the eggs have been in the environment for a few weeks!)
<><>
* Current incidence in people in Ontario <1/year, i.e. less than 0.25% of risk quoted for USA
* Not considered an issue by Ontario Public Health experts

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12
Q

Visceral larva migrans - who gets this? risks?

A

Visceral larva migrans
* most cases children < 4 years old
* increased risk of infection > pups in home +
pica/poor hygiene

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13
Q

Ocular larva migrans - who gets this? risks?

A
  • mean age = children 7-8 years old
  • rarely history of pica
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14
Q

Control environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs

A
  1. Minimise risk of Toxocara infections in dogs/cats (primary reason for intestinal parasite control)
  2. Prevent fouling of yards and public places
  3. Educate public about zoonotic potential of T. canis/T. cati
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15
Q

Ancylostoma caninum life cycle, transmission routes?

A
  • adult worms lay eggs in small intestine
  • eggs passed in feces
  • eggs hatch and develop into infective larve
  • larvae penetrate skin or are ingested by dog
    <><><>
    Three transmission routes:
  • transmammary
  • skin penetration by larvae
  • ingestion of larvae
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16
Q

Ancylostoma caninum
- mostly affects who?
- clinical signs?
- prevalence and resistance?

A
  • primarily pathogenic in juvenile dogs
    <><>
    Clinical signs:
  • anemia, weakness > sudden death in young pups
  • tarry/malenic feces
  • very rarely clinical in Ontario
    <><>
    Chronic disease:
  • subclinical + anemia
    <><><><>
  • Note: Higher prevalence and burden of hookworms in dogs & cats in southern USA
  • 2024: Drug resistance in A. caninum widespread across USA
17
Q

Hookworm problem in pups (typically not in Canada) - observations? how to treat?

A
  • subsequent litters from same bitch are likely to have the same problem
  • treat every 2 weeks from 2 weeks of age until ~10 weeks old
  • conservative T. canis prevention should control hookworms
18
Q

are hookworms in ontario a zoonotic concern?

A

No evidence hookworms in Ontario are a zoonotic concern

19
Q

Trichuris vulpis
- nature of infections
- signs
- who gets this? risks?
- prevention?

A
  • most infections = light and subclinical
  • if clinical: large bowel diarrhea - hematochezia, mucus, straining
  • older dogs tend to have higher burdens than young dogs
  • more common in kennel environment
  • prepatent period = 10-12 weeks:
    > need for routine preventive treatment in young dogs (i.e. < 6 months of age) is questionable
    > mature outdoor dogs require a prevention program
20
Q

Tapeworm diagnosis usually made how? which one is tricky?
signs?

A
  • infections most likely to be diagnosed by finding segments in feces or attached to perianal fur
    > segments of E. multilocularis = too small to be visible
  • typically no clinical signs
  • perianal pruritus  dragging anus on ground
21
Q

Dog/Cat tapeworms in Ontario

A
  1. Dipylidium caninum (dogs + cats) (flea tapeworm)
  2. Taenia pisiformis (dogs) (rabbit tapeworm)
  3. Taenia taeniaeformis (cats) (rats, rodents)
  4. Echinococcus multilocularis (dogs + cats)
22
Q

tapeworm therapeutic treatment

A
  • praziquantel (treats all 4 common tapeworms) - one treatment kills adult and immature stages
  • epsiprantel (not for Echinococcus) – two treatments may be required
23
Q

Dipylidium caninum
- life cycle
- prevention

A
  • adult worms in small intestine
  • posterior segments of adult worms passed in feces
  • segments and egg packets in feces and on fur
  • eggs ingested by larval flea
  • larval flea develops into adult flea
  • infected adult flea ingested by dog
    <><><><>
    Prevention: flea control!
24
Q

Taenia taeniaeformis, Taenia pisiformis
- life cycle, prevention

A
  • adult worms in small intestine
  • posterior segments of adult worms passed in feces
  • eggs released from segments > eggs in feces
  • eggs ingested by intermediate host
  • tissues of intermediate host ingested by dog or cat
    <><>
  • Taenia taeniaeformis: IH is rat
  • Taenia pisiformis: IH is rabbit
    <><>
    Prevention:
  • stop hunting!
  • preventative treatment with praziquantel can be done
25
Q

Tapeworms in Ontario
Is preventive treatment justifiable ?

A
  • individual animal decision:
    <><>
  • cats that eat rodents (T. taeniaeformis):
  • treat 1-4 times/year with praziquantel or epsiprantel
    <><>
  • dogs (cats) that eat rodents (E. multilocularis) and live in high risk household:
  • treat monthly with praziquantel?
    > theoretically this could be done but theres a BIG concern of inducing resistance, so 3 months is better
26
Q

Puppies and kittens aged 0-6 months
- In southern Ontario, what internal parasites require a preventive program in (a) puppies ? (b) kittens ?

A

roundworms, hookwroms

27
Q

At what age should puppies/kittens receive their first preventive treatment with an anthelmintic compound ? Why ?

A
  • by two weeks as this is when we may start to see shedding from young
  • (2w is the pre-patent period for hookworms, usually 5w okay for kittens but 2w keeps things simple)
28
Q
  • For puppies in Ontario, what drug would you recommend for the first treatment ? Why ?
  • Why should additional treatments be given ?
A

o Pyrantel, Fenbendazole
> both approved to 0d old
o Milbemycin approved to 2w old, activity against heartworm too (used commonly in USA)
<><><><>
Additional treatments beyond the first treatment at 2 weeks of age are required because of:
o Reinfection (multiple routes)
o Drugs typically only kill adult nematodes and do not address immature parasites

29
Q

Intestinal parasite control in puppies & kittens

A

(a) Puppies:
Deworm at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks of age
<><>
(b) Kittens:
Deworm at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 weeks of age
<><>
(a)+(b) Then deworm monthly to 6 months of age
<><><><>
Ideally, fecal examination at time of 12-week treatment & at 6 months > ensure drugs are working

30
Q

Intestinal parasite control in puppies & kittens
- What should you recommend when first seen at 7-8 weeks of age?

A

deworm at 8w, 10w, 12w, 5mo, 6mo!

31
Q

Companion Animal Parasite Council (USA)
- Dogs & cats > 6 months reccomendations?
- vs Canada?

A

“Administer year-round treatment with broad- spectrum heartworm anthelmintics that have activity against parasites with zoonotic potential.”
<><>
* Appropriate in southern USA
* Clinical parasitologists at all 5 Canadian veterinary colleges do not believe this is appropriate for Canada
<><><><>
Canada:
A benefit/risk assessment for each animal should determine the required spectrum of anthelmintic activity, choice of anthelmintic and frequency of administration.
<><>

32
Q

reasonable parasite control shcedule in canada:

A
  • deworm preventively + monitor:
  • high risk household: deworm 3-4 times a year if not on heartworm prevention
  • note: animals on most heartworm preventives are dewormed a minimum of 6 times/year
  • deworm as indicated by fecal examination (e.g. low-risk household)
33
Q

Intestinal parasite control in dogs & cats
Nursing bitches/queens reccomendations:

A
  • deworm concurrently with pups/kittens
  • no treatment available to eliminate somatic larvae of Toxocara or Ancylostoma
  • ivermectin or fenbendazole before/after whelping will reduce transmission of Toxocara / Ancylostoma (note: very rarely used)

3. Cat & Dog 3 (26 decks)

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