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Parasit > Parasit > Flashcards

Parasit Flashcards

1
Q

Giardia Interstinalis Diagnosis

A
  • cysts in the faeces -duodenal fluid/ biopsy may demonstrate trophozoites
  • ELISA and IF
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2
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis Diagnosis

A

-microscopic examination of genital secretions

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3
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Diagnosis

A

-examination of lymph node aspirates blood, bone marrow, or in late stage- CSF

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4
Q

Leishmania donovani Diagnosis

A
  • identification of amastigote in tissue (bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, blood)
  • PCR
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5
Q

Leishmania Tropica Diagnosis

A
  • skin test and detection of anti-leishmanial antibodies by immune- fluorescence
  • PCR
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6
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Diagnosis

A
  • finding trophozoites & cyst in stool
  • EIA
  • PCR (for comparative analysis)
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7
Q

Ancantamoeba spp Diagnosis

A

-examination of brain tissue, skin, cornea

examination of CSF -PCR-based techniques

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8
Q

Naegleri flowleri Diagnosis

A

-examination of CSF and tissue

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9
Q

Plasmodium spp. Host

A

Definitive Host: female mosquito Intermediate Host: human

1. Sporogony- female mosquito (sexual cycle) 2. Schizogony- human (asexual cycle)

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10
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii Host

A

Definitive Host: human Intermediate Host: cat

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11
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum Host

A

Definitive Host: contaminated water Intermediate Host: human

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12
Q

Giardia Interstinalis Clinical Features

A

Acute giardiasis:
Incubation 5-6 days & last for 1-3 weeks Symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting.
Chronic giardiasis: Symptoms are recurrent & malabsorption & debilitation may occur

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13
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis Clinical Features

A

In women symptomatic:
-vaginitis w. purulent discharge, small hemorrhagic spots, vaginal pH above 5, ab pain, dysuria & dyspareunia, pain when sex
In male asymptomatic: -urethral discharge, pain during urination, mild itching and burning after sex, prostatitis

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14
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Clinical Features

A

African sleeping
sickness: 3 stages -early phase > fever, headache, joint pain & itching
-2nd phase > parasite crosses blood-brain barrier & infects CNS >symptoms: Confusion, sensory disturbances, poor coordination, disturbance of sleep cycle> coma
No treatment>fatal

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15
Q

Leishmania donovani Clinical Features

A

2 main forms of disease: 1! cutaneous 2!visceral (kala-azar) Visceral Leishmaniasis: -incubation period varies, 1-2 weeks up to several -fever

  • weight loss
  • enlarged spleen & liver -some have swollen glands -blood tests are abnormal (low blood counts) -important opportunistic infection in areas where it coexists with HIV
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16
Q

Leishmania Tropica Clinical Features

A

Cutaneus Leishmaniasis:
1 or more cutaneus lesions on areas from flybit. Look like volcano & can be painful or painless. Swollen glands near the sore

17
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Clinical Features

A

Intestinal Amoebiasis
-may be asymptomatic
-ab pain, diarrhea, malaise, weight loss
-appendicitis
-dysentery
Extraintestinal Amoebiasis Secrete histolysin > help to invade submucosal tissue -invade RBC
-can be carried to liver> hepatic amoebiasis/ hepatitis -secondary!other organs may be invaded

18
Q

Ancantamoeba spp Clinical Features

A 
-granulomatous
amebic encephalitis (GAE)! especially in individuals with compromised immune systems -ocular keratitis! infecting wearers of soft contact lenses- amoeba can survive in the space between the lens and the eye
19
Q

Naegleri flowleri Clinical Features

A

-Acute primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) it presents with severe headache and other meningeal signs, fever, vomiting

20
Q

Giardia Interstinalis Life Cycle

A
  • ingestion of cysts from water or food
  • in small intestine>excystation> releasing trophozoites (each cyst produces 2)> multiply (longitudinal binary fission) -encystation when moving down colon -cyst in faeces
21
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis Life Cycle

A
  • resides in female genital tract or male urethra & prostate
  • binary fission
  • transmitted by sexual intercourse (humans are the only known host)
22
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Life Cycle

A
  • Parasite ingested by tsetsefly when taking a bloodmeal.
  • multiply in fly in gut & salivary glands -Takes 3 weeks
  • next bloodmeal> ing est metacyclic trypomastigotes in humans
  • multiplies by binary fission
23
Q

Leishmania donovani Life Cycle

A

-ingestion by vector of amastigote> becomes promastigote in gut, multiply by longitudinal
binary fission
-sandfly introduces promastigote in human blood when it bites -macrophages engulf the promastigote > revert to intracellular amastigote -reproduction of amastigotes by longitudinal binary fission

24
Q

Leishmania Tropica Life Cycle

A

-ingestion by vector of amastigote> becomes promastigote in gut, multiply by longitudinal
binary fission
-sandfly introduces promastigote in human blood when it bites -macrophages engulf the promastigote > revert to intracellular amastigote -reproduction of amastigotes by longitudinal binary fission

25
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Life Cycle

A
  • excystation in small intestine > release trophozoites > migrate to large intestine
  • multiply > binary fission > produce cysts (encystation) -both stages are passed in the faeces
26
Q

Ancantamoeba spp Life Cycle

A
  • found in soil; fresh, brackish, and sea water; sewage…
  • replicate by mitosis (trophozoites are infective stage)
  • believed to enter the body through lower respiratory tract, ulcerated skin and invade CNS -cysts and trophozoites are found in tissue
27
Q

Naegleri flowleri Life Cycle

A
  • has three stages, cysts, trophozoites, & flagellated forms
  • the trophozoites replicate by promitosis
  • found in fresh water, soil…
  • Trophozoites infect humans by entering olfactory neuroepithelium & reaching the brain! where inflammation occurs = death
28
Q

Plasmodium spp. Life Cycle

A

Human- Schizogony
1. exoerythrocytic schizogony
-parasites undergoes asexual multiplication in the liver
-inside hepatocyte, sporozoite develops into trophozoite
-after 1-2 weeks, trophozoite nucleus divides, followed by division of the cytoplasm -thousands of merozoites produced!rupture from cell!enter blood circulation! invade red blood cells
2. erythrocytic schizogony
-inside erythrocyte, the merozoite grows to the early trophozoite stage- the signet ring stage
-this form develops into the mature trophozoite stage!undergoes multiple fission into schizonts!produces a new generation of merozoites in each erythrocyte (gametocytes)
Mosquito- Sporogony
-mosquitos ingest gameotocytes during blood meal!undergo a sporogonic cycle yielding sporozoites
- in p.vivax and p.ovale, a dormant stage (hypnozoites) can persist in the liver!causes relapses weeks/ years later

29
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii Life Cycle

A

-oocysts are only present in the definitive host!passed in faeces!ingested by humans and other intermediate hosts
-oocysts develop into tachyzoites (rapidly multiplying trophozoite form of t.gondii)
-they divide rapidly in cells, causing tissue destruction and spreading the infection
-tachyzoites localize to muscle tissues and the CNS where they convert to tissue cysts, or bradyzoites
!animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission !foodbourne transmission !mother-to-child (congenital) transmission

30
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum Life Cycle

A
  • c.parvum and c.hominis occur in humans -cryptosporidium is found in soil, food, water, or surfaces that have been contaminated with infected human or animal faeces
  • a person becomes infected by swallowing cryptosporidium parasites
  • cryptosporidium lives in the intestine of infected humans or animals
    transmission: -person to person -animal to human -foodbourne -waterbourne
  • has three stages, cysts, trophozoites, & flagellated forms
  • the trophozoites replicate by promitosis
  • found in fresh water, soil…
  • Trophozoites infect humans by entering olfactory neuroepithelium & reaching the brain! where inflammation occurs = death
31
Q

Plasmodium spp. Clinical Features

A

Incubation Period: 7-30 days Shorter periods!p.falciparum Longer periods!p.malariae
Most frequent symptoms: -fever and chills, sweats -headache
-myalgias, arthralgias -weakness
-nausea and vomiting -splenomegaly
-anemia, thrombocytopenia
“Cold” Stage: 15-60min, cold, shivering “Hot” Stage: 2-6hrs, fever, headaches, vomiting
“Sweating” Stage: 2-4hrs, sweats, temp to normal
P.falciparum:
-infections caused by seveer, potentially fatal forms:
-CNS involvement (cerebral malaria) -acute renal failure
-severe anemia
-respiratory distress syndrome -hemoglobinuria
cerebral malaria
-parasitized RBCs in brain vessels -freq. leads to death
-microvascular obstruction by thrombus formation
-disseminated coagulation -coma!poor oxygen delivery to brain

32
Q

Plasmodium spp. Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • microscopic identification of gametocytes, merozoites, schizonts
  • comparison of plasmodium species
  • molecular diagnosis techniques can complement microscopy, especially in species identification ! PCR
  • people with sickle cell anemia cannot get malaria, therefore frequencies of sickle cell carriers are high in malaria-endemic areas
  • no vaccine against malaria is available
33
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii Clinical Features

A

-acquired infection is generally asymptomatic -10%-20% of patients with acute infection may:
-develop cervical lymphadenopathy
-and/or a flu-like illness
-the clinical course is benign and self-limited
-symptoms usually resolve within a few months to a year Acute
-parasitic invasion of the mesenteric lymph nodes & liver
-painful, swollen, lymph glands in the inguinal, cervical, and subclavicular regions
-fever, headache, anemia, muscle pain
Congenital
-results from fetal transplacental infection
-12% of infected infants born alive die shortly after birth -abnormalities occur in the CNS, eyes, and viscera

34
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • serologic testing!antibody detection
  • observation of parasites in patient specimens, such as bronchoalveolar lavage material or lymph node biopsy -detection of parasite genetic material by PCR, especially in detecting congenital infections in utero
35
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum Clinical Features

A

Cryptosporidiosis
-some people will have no symptoms at all -most common symptom is watery diarrhea
Other symptoms: -stomach cramps or pain -dehydration
-nausea
-vomiting
-fever
-weight loss

36
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • microscopic diagnosis- oocysts in the stool -ELISA- antigen in the stool -immunofluorescence assay
  • molecular methods

Parasit (1 decks)

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