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Pharmacology > Paramedic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Paramedic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

MOA: Activate adrenergic receptors by binding directly to the alpha 1 receptors (located in the eye, blood vessels, male sex organs and neck of the bladder), alpha 2 receptors (located at nerve terminals), beta 1 receptors (located in the heart and kidneys) and beta 2 receptors (located in the lungs, uterus, muscles and liver).

Classification: Adrenergic agonist

Effects: Used to treat cardiac arrest, bradycardia, asthma, COPD, anaphylaxis and croup.

A

EPINEPHRINE

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2
Q

MOA: Converts nitric oxide, used as a vasodilator to treat angina and CHF. Rapidly relaxes smooth muscle and dilates peripheral arteries and veins.

Class: Nitrate, vasodilator, angina agent

Effects: Decreases preload, after load, and myocardial oxygen demand.

A

NITROGLYCERINE

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3
Q

MOA: Effects stages 1, 2, and 3 of the action potential, and the repolarization of the cell. Slows down how fast calcium leaves the cell.

Class: Potassium Channel Blocker, Class III

Effects: Dangerous due to long half life. Used to treat V-fib and V-tach.

A

AMIODARONE

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4
Q

MOA: Local anesthetic, decrease rate of depolarization, inhibit sodium influx through sodium voltage gated channels. Effects stage 0 of the action potential.

Class: Local anesthesia, sodium channel blocker, arrhythmia

Effects: Used to treat pain, influx of sodium into the cell.

A

LIDOCAINE

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5
Q

MOA: Inhibits the acetylcholine enzyme , then attaches to the site where acetylcholine has attached. Removes organophosphates.

Class: Cholinergic, toxicity antidote

Effects: Reduces parasympathetic effects of organophosphate poisoning.

A

2-PAM or PRALIDOXIME

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6
Q

MOA: Produce their effects by activating adrenergic receptors with direct receptor binding.

Class: Non-selective beta agonist, adrenergic agonist

Effect: Produces bronchodilation by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle through beta 2 receptors in the lungs.

A

ALBUTEROL

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7
Q

MOA: Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by blocking ACE inhibitors. Prevents release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland.

Class: ACE inhibitor, anti-hypertensive, thiazide diuretic

Effects: Decreases BP

A

LISINOPRIL

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8
Q

MOA: Decreases excitability of the cells by blocking Na++ channels in the CNS decreasing the irritability of the neuron while also decreasing the action potential threshold.

Class: Anti-epileptic

Effects: Treats seizures

A

DILANTIN

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9
Q

MOA: Selective adrenergic receptor blocking agent. Blocks beta 1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.

Class: Adrenergic antagonist, anti-arrhythmic

Effects: Decreases BP

A

ESMOLOL

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10
Q

MOA: Produces a blockade at the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Class: Muscarinic antagonist

Effects: Used to treat bradycardia , dry secretions and organophosphate poisonings.

A

ATROVENT

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11
Q

MOA: Blocks voltage dependent calcium channels or calcium ion influx inhibitor by changing calcium ions across cell membranes of arterial smooth muscle in conductile/contractile myocardial cells. Effects phase 4 (slow) and phase 2 of the action potential.

Class: Calcium channel blocker, class IV Vaughn Williams, anti-dysrhythmic.

Effects: Treats angina pectorals, hypertension, SV node, atrial flutter/fibrillation

A

VERAPAMIL

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12
Q

MOA: Blocks the propagation of the action potential beginning at the nociceptors passed by glutamate at the synapse by inhibiting calcium influx. Effects both the mu and kappa receptors.

Class: Analgesic, opiate antagonist/antagonist (antagonizes mu receptors: analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria, decreased GI motility; agonist to kappa receptors: analgesia, sedation, decreased GI motility)

Effects: Removes mu effects and enhances kappa effects

A

NUBAIN

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13
Q

MOA: Blocks propagation of action potential beginning at the nociceptors passed by glutamate at the synapse by inhibiting calcium influx. Mu/kappa receptors.

Class: Pure agonist ( agonizes both mu and kappa receptors), opiate, analgesia

Effects: Mu and kappa effects on the CNS. Used to treat break-through pain. 100x more potent than morphine.

A

FENTANYL

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14
Q

MOA: Used to treat pain. Blocks propagation of action potential at nociceptors passed by glutamate at the synapse by inhibiting calcium influx. Mu/kappa receptors.

Class: Opioid analgesic, opioid agonist

Effects: Effects both mu and kappa receptors on the CNS as a pure agonist.

A

MORPHINE SULFATE

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15
Q

MOA: Receptors have a chloride- channel, when GABA is activated the chloride- channel opens which allows chloride- to enter the neuron decreasing its intracellular voltage. Enhances GABA effects.

Class: Benzodiazepine

Effects: CNS anti-epileptic, reduces anxiety, promotes sleep (hypnotic/sedative) RAS, muscle relaxation, amnesia, depresses vasomotor and respiratory centers in the medulla.

A

VERSED

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16
Q

MOA: Binds to GABA receptors which open chloride- channels in the receptor allowing influx of chloride- and causing hyper-polarization of the neuron. Decreases intracellular voltage. Enhances normal GABA effects.

Class: Benzodiazepine

Effect: Preanesthetic agent, hypnotic, anti-convulsive sedative for treating anxiety

A

ATIVAN

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17
Q

MOA: In the presence of hydrogen+ ions, sodium bicarbonate disassociates to sodium and carbonic acid, the carbonic acid picks up a hydrogen+ ion changing to bicarbonate then disassociates into H2O and CO2, functioning as a buffer and alkalinizing the blood.

Class: Alkalinizing agent, buffering compound

Effects: Given to patients to improve pH levels

A

SODIUM BICARBONATE

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18
Q

MOA: Responsible for regulating the body’s retention of water by acting to increase H2O absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney’s nephrons. Increases H2O permeability of collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule.

Class: Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Effect: Increases peripheral vascular resistance, increases arterial blood pressure, fluid retention.

A

VASOPRESSIN

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19
Q

MOA: Antagonizes opiate effects, reverses respiratory depression, sedation and hypotension by competing for receptor sites on the opioid receptors.

Class: Opioid reversal agent, Opioid antagonist

Effects: Snaps addict out of unconsciousness

A

NARCAN

20
Q

MOA: Glucagon binds to the glucagon receptor, a G-protein coupled receptor located in the plasma membrane. Causes a chain reaction that ultimately breaks glycogen down to glucose for consumption by the cells.

Class: Insulin antagonist, glucose elevating agent, hypoglycemia antidote

Effects: Relaxes smooth muscles of GI tract

A

GLUCAGON

21
Q

MOA: After absorption from the GI tract, glucose is distributed in the tissues providing prompt increase in circulation of blood sugars.

Class: Glucose elevating agent, metabolic & endocrine monosaccharide, carbohydrate

Effects: Distributed and stored by the body tissues and is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy.

A

GLUCOSE

22
Q

MOA: Necessary for cellular metabolism, delivered to tissues and plays an important role in creating ATP.

Class: Gas

Effects: One component that allows tissues and cells to live

A

OXYGEN

23
Q

MOA: A loop diuretic, inhibits sodium reabsorption and chloride at the distal/proximal tubules and Loop of Henley. Causes a increase of H2O, calcium, magnesium, sodium and chloride.

Class: Diuretic loop

Effects: Can cause depletion of sodium, chloride, water. Used to treat edema.

A

LASIX

24
Q

MOA: Osmotic diuretics are secreted into the proximal convoluted tubule as a filtrate and holds a strong osmotic gradient which holds sodium in the lumen, thus the ions are not absorbed and excreted in the urine.

Class: Diuretic, osmotic agent

Effects: Decreases viscosity of blood, reduces inter cranial pressure (ICP).

A

MANNITOL

25
Q

MOA: Bone mineral component, essential for neurotransmission, muscle contraction and many signal transduction pathways.

Class: Antidotes, calcium salts

Effects: Treats hypocalcemia

A

CALCIUM GLUCONATE

26
Q

MOA: Blocks the calcium channel not allowing calcium to flow from the extra cellular to intracellular areas. Inhibits cardiac and vascular smooth muscle contraction, thereby dilating main coronary and systemic arteries.

Class: Antidysrhythmics, calcium channel blocker

Effects: Results in drop of BP, potent vasodilator, reduces after-load and peripheral resistance, negative inotropic effects (contractility properties).

A

DILTIAZEM

27
Q

MOA: Slows the heart rate of the SA node impulse formation in the myocardium and prolongs conduction time.

Class: CNS depressant and antidote

Effects: Stabilizes excitable membranes by promoting the movement of sodium, calcium and potassium in and out of the cell.

A

MAGNESIUM

28
Q

MOA: Blocks post-synaptic GABA receptors in the vomiting trigger zone also known as Area Postremia. Blocks dopamine receptors primarily as well as histamine, serotonin and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

Class: Antiemisis agent

Effects: Prolonged QT interval. “FDA blackbox warning”. Can result in ventricular tachycardia/torsades. Can cause dopamine acetylcholine imbalance that control smooth movements.

A

DROPERIDOL

29
Q

MOA: Dopamine receptor antagonist in the brain, depresses the Reticular Activating System (RAS). Also blocks histamine, serotonin and alpha 1 adrenergic receptors.

Class: Anti-psychotic

Effects: Causes imbalance of dopamine/acetylcholine in the brain that control smooth fluid movement.

A

HALDOL

30
Q

MOA: Competes with histamine for binding sites in the G.I. tract, uterus, large blood vessels and bronchial muscle. Relief of nausea related to anticholinergic actions from the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Class: Anti-histamine, antiemetic agent, histamine antagonist, dopamine receptor antagonist, muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist

Effects: Anti-motion sickness, Antiemisis and anticholinergic, produces sedation

A

PHENERGAN

31
Q

MOA: Antagonist for histamine receptors, inhibition of respiratory, vascular and GI smooth muscle constriction. Anticholinergic and antiemetic properties.

Class: Anti-histamine, antiemetic agent

Effects:

A

BENADRYL

32
Q

MOA: Antiemetic: anti-dopamine effect, blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, blocking the Vegas nerve in the GI tract; Anti-psychotic: blocks dopamine receptors and alpha-adrenergic receptors in the brain.

Class: Antiemetic agent, anti-psychotic

Effects: Relief of nausea, vomiting and a decrease in psychotic behavior.

A

COMPAZINE

33
Q

MOA: Nonselective beta blocker, alpha blockade antagonize both beta-1, beta 2 and alpha 1 receptors thus inhibiting the effects of catecholamines on receptors.

Class: Alpha and beta blockers

Effects: Reduced contractility, decreased heart rate and vasodilation. Used for hypertension

A

LABETALOL

34
Q

MOA: Increases contractility by inhibiting the sodium/potassium ATP pump in myocardial cells, which promotes calcium influx via sodium/calcium pump. Suppresses supra ventricular arrhythmias, AV node conduction, increases refractory period, decreases velocity, causes positive inotropic effect, decreases ventricular rate and enhances vagal tone.

Class: Antidysrhythmics, inotropic agent, cardiac glycoside

Effects: Used to treat chronic heart failure and shortness of breath when lying flat, atrial flutter/fibrillation

A

DIGOXIN

35
Q

MOA: Slows conduction through the AV node and interrupts AV reentry pathways which restore normal sinus rhythms. Binds to adenosine receptor, inhibits a beta action via G protein, opens potassium channels.

Class: Antidysrhythmics and cardiac nucleotides

Effects: Effects slow acting myocytes, decreases heart rate, reduces conduction velocity at the AV node

A

ADENOSINE

36
Q

MOA: Promotes a blockade at the muscarinic (acetylcholine) receptors

Class: Muscarinic antagonist

Effects: Used to treat bradycardia, dry secretions and organophosphate poisonings

A

ATROPINE

37
Q

MOA: Acts on both dopamine and adrenergic neurons, produces renal vasodilation, stimulates beta 1, produces cardiac stimulation, stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors. Increases blood pressure by acting on alpha 1/beta-1 at adrenergic receptors causing peripheral vasoconstriction. Most commonly used as a vasopressor.

Class: Inotropic agent, vasoconstrictor, Adrenergic Agonist

Effects: Treats hypotension associated with cardiogenic shock, causes positive inotropic effects

A

DOPAMINE

38
Q

MOA: Maintains constant depolarization of neuromuscular junction. Mimics the effects of acetylcholine, holds the muscle in constant depolarization at motor end plate.

Class: Neuromuscular blocking agent, depolarizing

Effect: Adjunct to general anesthesia to facilitate tracheal intubation, provides skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or mechanical ventilation

A

SUCCINYLCHOLINE

39
Q

MOA: Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, Cholinergic receptor antagonist. Prevents acetylcholine from activating nicotinic (m) receptors on the skeletal muscle causing paralysis

Class: Neuromuscular blocker, non-depolarizing, paralytic

Effects: Suitable for rapid tracheal intubation

A

ROCURONIUM

40
Q

MOA: Prevents acetylcholine from activating the nicotinic M receptors on skeletal muscle causing paralysis

Class: Neuromuscular blocking agent, non-depolarizing

Effects: Paralysis suitable for tracheal intubations, relaxing muscles during surgery and mechanical ventilation

A

VECURONIUM

41
Q

MOA: Improve contraction of the heart cells by manipulating the cells to increase their intracellular calcium through beta-1 receptors.

Class: Inotropic agent, vasoconstrictor, adrenergic agonist

Effects: Inotropic support for patients with left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or cardiogenic shock

A

DOBUTAMINE

42
Q

MOA: Binds to receptors both in periphery and in CNS with primary effects in the G.I. tract. Has no effect on dopamine receptors. Blocks serotonin receptor in the “vomiting trigger zone”.

Class: Antiemetic agent

Effects: Usually used after chemotherapy

A

ZOFRAN

43
Q

MOA: Blocks the propagation of the action potential at the nociceptors passed by glutamate at the synapse by inhibiting calcium influx. Agonist to both mu and kappa receptors

Class: Opiate, pure agonist

Effects: Mu: analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation, euphoria decreased G.I. motility. Kappa: analgesia, sedation, decrease in G.I. motility

A

DEMEROL

44
Q

MOA: Thiazide diuretic that inhibits sodium reabsorption in distal renal tubules, results in increased excretion of sodium, water, potassium and hydrogen ions.

Class: Diuretic, thiazide

Effects: Blocks the sodium/chloride transporter which helps these ions in the lumen and are excreted

A

HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE (HcTZ)

45
Q

MOA: Treats high blood pressure by stimulating alpha-2 receptors in the brain which decreases cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance, lowering the blood-pressure. It blocks calcium influx on the presynaptic neurons preventing norepinephrine from being released.

Class: Alpha-2 agonist, antihypertensive

Effects: Decrease heart rate, pulse rate and blood pressure, allows veins and arteries to relax and widen

A

CLONIDINE

46
Q

MOA: Blocks acetylcholine enzymes (ACE), inhibiting conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a potent vasoconstrictor through inhibition of ACE by competing with angiotensin I for active site of ACE. Decreases blood pressure, decreases aldosterone secretion, increases renin activity, increases renal blood flow.

Class: ACE inhibitor

Effects: Blood pressure control

A

CAPTOPRIL

47
Q

MOA: Non-barbituate, hypnotic, lacks analgesic activity. Has GABA-like effects. Induces amnesia and sleep. Short-acting. Depresses RAS.

Class: General anesthetic

Effects: Used for intubation, minimal respiratory or cardiovascular effects

A

ETOMIDATE

Pharmacology (1 decks)

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