Paradigm and Subluxation Theories Flashcards
DD Palmer
Discoverer, founder, father of Chiropractic
Believed nerve compression theory and postulated subluxations were caused by thots, traumas, toxins
Coined Innate intelligence and tone of nervous system
Used short lever adjusting techniques
BJ Palmer
Developer - HIO, nerve tracing, Meric system, use of leg length to detect subluxation
Carver
Pelvic distortion and structural approach theory of subluxation
Spine was weight-bearing and adapted to various stresses
Cox
Developed flexion/distraction in which axial traction and flexion reduces extrusion of disc
deJarnette
Devo SOT, CSF flow through pumping action of sacrum and cranial dura mater
Faye
Developed Mo-pal and VSC
Fuhr
Developer of Activator which uses instrument to adjust
Researched leg length inequality
Galen
First to use lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, inflammation
Gillet
Devo Mo-pal in response to Belgium government making it illegal for D.C.’s to take X-rays - Gillet’s test involves standing on one leg (Stork test)
Gonstead
Laid biomechnical basis of Chiropractic adjustments
Goodheart
developed AK and muscle testing
Hadley
Stated subluxations, disc herniations, exostoses may produce pressure on dorsal nerve root
Hippocrates
First to mention importance of spine to health of body
Heironymus
Fist doc to use the word subluxation in 1746
Illi
Worked with Gillet on theory that injured joint becomes fixed as edema develops
Researched pelvis and SI joint biomechanics; Illi’s superior intracapsular ligament
Korr
Developed segmental facilitation theory - neurons become hyper responsive and irritable, joint receptors don’t influence motor activity muscle spindles do, CNS hyperactive and activates gamma motor activity
Langworthy
W/Oakley smith and minora paxson published first book on Chiropractic in 1906, credited using word subluxation to describe misalignment that narrowed IVF and interrupted flow of nerve energy and for referring to brain as the “life force”
Logan
Developed Logan basic which measures vertebral misalignment from sacrum upwards using full spine x-rays
Nimmo
Use of acupressure on trigger points as well as addressing posture
Receptor-tonus technique
Selye
Developed General adaptation syndrome - stress can cause disease unless body adapts to it first is alarm reaction (increased immune response in fight or flight) then stage of resistance (decreased immune response) then stage of adaptation
Stephenson
ID 33 principles and credited with analogy of safety pin cycle
Thompson
Known for segmental drop adjusting and leg length inequality
Composition
Critical rationalism, conservatism, naturalism, vitalism, holism
Conservatism
Doctrine promotes maintenance of traditional institutions and supports with minimal and gradual change in society
Critical rationalism
Belief systems of though can be rationally criticized although concrete proof of such a system is impossible
Holism
Doctrine based on belief in nature, living organisms as whole are greater than sum of their parts
Naturalism
Belief that posits a particular picture of reality and existence that excludes supernatural
Vitalism
Doctrine in which functions of a living organism are due to a vital essence distinct from physicochemical forces and processes of life aren’t explicable by known laws of physics and chemistry alone
Neural compression/traction hypothesis:
DD Palmer believed subluxation cause nerve compression which interrupts nerve’s action potentials causing hyperesthesia, irritation in acute phase and decreased sensation and nerve impulse in chronic phase, irritation can occur and movement can cause traction of the NR
Axoplasmic Aberration/Trophic Hypothesis:
Axoplasmic flow may be altered when nerves are irritated or compressed, transport of proteins, glycoproteins and NT occurs in both directions (anterograde for nutrients thus faster and retrograde for waste products)
NERVE IS KEY
Cord compression hypothesis
BJ Palmer believed only place where spinal cord can be compressed was Co-C2 which affects brain stem from traction of dura by dentate ligaments or aberrant muscle fibers from rectus capitis posterior minor
Grostic proposed direct mechanical irritation via dentate ligament traction and traction induced venous occlusion which result in local blood stasis and ischemia
Jarzem reported decreased blood flow and interruption of somatosensory evoked potentials following experimental cord distraction
Proprioceptive insult/segmental facilitation hypothesis
Korr proposed fixed vertebral segment activates mechanoreceptors and nociceptors which send sensory info to dorsal horn causing hyperactivity of sensory nerve fibers lowering threshold for firing of neurons in spinal cord leading to muscle spasm, abnormal somato-autonomic reflexes, lowered skin resistance and increased vasomotor and sudomotor activity
MUSCLE IS KEY (muscle spindles affect motor activity)
Somatoautonomic reflex hypothesis:
Receptors activated by subluxation cause somatic reflex or autonomic response
Somato-somatic: subluxation causes activation of alpha motor neuron resulting in muscle spasm
Somato-autonomic: subluxation causes autonomic imbalance and results in visceral disorders such as functional dyspepsia
Neuroimmunomodulation aka neurodystrophic hypothesis:
Neural dysfunction is stressful and modify’s immune repone altering trophic function of nerves which innervate lymph nodes which affect defense by decreasing lymphocytic function making person more prone to illness
Based on GAS by Selye
Vascular insufficiency/VBAI hypothesis:
Cervical subluxations may distort/compress vertebral A which affects cerebral BF and manifest in a variety of ways correct atlas misalignment restores health ther’s research to support link with DM
Inflammation hypothesis:
Acute/chronic inflammation could predispose pt to develop spinal articular lesions in response to release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine inflammed tissue response by making eicosanoids, cytokines, nitrous oxide, substance P which inflames tissue resulting in swelling, pain, loss of function
Gate theory of Pain:
Wall/Melzack 1965 postulated activation of large diameter afferent (mechanoreceptor) fibers may inhibit smaller afferent pain fibers in dorsal horn of spinal cord
Joint is gapped in adjustment mechanoreceptors are stimulated impulses go to spinal cord and stimulate inhibitory interneurons in sustantia gelatinosa which suppress transmission of nociception to thalamus reducing pain
Meric chart - vertebra - bonica Blood supply to head, brain ear Tonsils Nose, mouth, palatine tube Neck glands, pharynx, tonsils Heart Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura Gallbladder, common bile duct Liver Stomach Pancreas-duodenum Spleen Adrenal glands Kidney/ureter Sex organs, uterus, bladder Prostate gland Testes
Blood supply to head, brain ear: C1, C1-3 Tonsils: C2-3 Nose, mouth, palatine tube: C4 Neck glands, pharynx, tonsils: C5-6 Heart: T2, T1-5 Lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura: T2, T2-7 Gallbladder, common bile duct: T4, T5-10 Liver: T5, T5-10 Stomach: T6, T5-10 Pancreas-duodenum: T7, T5-10 Spleen:T8 Adrenal glands: T9, T7-L1 Kidney/ureter: T10-11, T10-12 Sex organs, uterus, bladder: L3, S2-4 Prostate gland: L4, S2-4 Testes: L4, T10
